11, the number of apoptotic thymus cells from the untreated virus (+) monkeys was much higher than that from the FNC-treated ones. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Nature 585, 273276 (2020). 81621064, China); National key R&D project (No. The pivotal role of thymus in atherosclerosis mediated by immune and inflammatory response. DIRECTIONS: Use once a day, preferably in the evening. 2022 Sep 8;7(17):e161045. Wang, H. et al. 6b, c.28 Of the thymus cells, 20,622 cells were from the untreated viral (+) monkeys, and 7129 were from the FNC-treated viral (+) monkeys. Download Citation | On Mar 1, 2023, Wei Cao and others published (5R)-5-hydroxytriptolide for HIV immunological non-responders receiving ART: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase . As shown in Table 1, the 31 patients had been treated with traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) or other antiviral drugs, such as interferon-, lopinavir/ritonavir-Kaletra, ribavirin, chloroquine, favipiravir, Ganciclovir, Oseltamivir, and arbidol, but the treatment failed; then they entered the FNC study. 2018;15(13):155563. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000251. Photo 8 Thymus and Thyroid Glands The thyroid gland controls an individuals from EDUCATIONS 123 at Distance Learning Centre. The regions of interest (ROI) are boxed in white (up left), and their magnified photos are shown in the upright. Background Patients with COVID-19 (COVID) may develop acute respiratory distress syndrome with or without sepsis, coagulopathy and visceral damage. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted PubMed Central Loss of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19. The regions of interest (ROI) are boxed in white, and their magnified photos are shown below. Thyme Tincture Alcohol-FREE Extract, Organic Thymus Vulgaris Toni Effect 2 oz. c FNC-TP levels in the blood (5mg/kg, oral). The two types of monkeys were enrolled in this further analysis mainly because their viral load was similar in the lung and below the detectable line in the thymus. 2022 Jul;59:102724. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102724. The droplet-based scRNA-seq (10 Genomics) was done primarily to depict the immunological profile of the thymus in the SARS-CoV-2-infected RM monkeys with or without FNC treatment. The model for this research was the preparation of insulin for therapeutic use in diabetes. Infect. -. Slider with three articles shown per slide. 4b). PubMed Central As shown in Fig. 6d). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Global OTC Farmacia. Sig Transduct Target Ther 6, 414 (2021). The results were, in general, consistent with those in single-cell sequencing. Epub 2020 Oct 13. Currently, the role of T cells in COVID-19 is the focus of immunological research;49 the results of the present study might be informative. a Chemical structure of FNC (left) and CL-236 (right). Then, we investigated the expression of nine important pathways through a comparison between FNC-treated (code# 17368) and untreated (code# 17041) viral (+) monkeys. Ribavirin was used as a reference. Surgical removal of the thymus has no effect on the immune system for someone after they are born. Vitall J, Prez-Gmez A, Ostos FJ, Gasca-Capote C, Jimnez-Len MR, Bachiller S, Rivas-Jeremas I, Silva-Snchez MDM, Ruiz-Mateos AM, Martn-Snchez M, Lpez-Cortes LF, Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia M, Ruiz-Mateos E. JCI Insight. The first-of-its-kind test for detecting whether someone was infected with COVID-19 in the past -- using the body's T-cells -- was granted emergency authorization by the Food and Drug Administration late Friday night. PubMed Res. The thymus is unique in that it reaches maturity in utero and is at its largest and most active in children. EBioMedicine 55, 102763102763 (2020). The analysis of 27,751 single cells from the thymus samples of infected monkeys, treated and untreated with FNC, identified 7 major cell subtypes expressing marker genes (Fig. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Azvudine (FNC) is a nucleoside analog that inhibits HIV-1 RNA . J. The clinical study was a randomized, single-arm, and multicenter trial. 52. A comparison between the patients who used FNC only (n=15) and those who took FNC plus TCM or/and other antivirals (interferon-alpha, arbidol, Lopinavir/ritonavir, chloroquine, n=16) showed that FNC alone probably achieved the better therapeutic outcome. 21, 11071118 (2020). Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. 2021 Mar 12;10(3):628. doi: 10.3390/cells10030628. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the family of Coronaviridae. Of the candidates, remdesivir has been approved by the United States and Japan FDA for treating COVID-19 in 2020, although its therapeutic efficacy is still debatable. Pozo-Balado MDM, Bulnes-Ramos , Olivas-Martnez I, Garrido-Rodrguez V, Lozano C, lvarez-Ros AI, Snchez-Snchez B, Snchez-Bejarano E, Maldonado-Calzado I, Martn-Lara JM, Santamara JA, Bernal R, Gonzlez-Escribano MF, Leal M, Pacheco YM. Viral load, hematology, immunology, blood biochemical, and histological evaluation were conducted at the indicated time points. Correspondence to Blue box: untreated (#17041); green box: FNC treated (#17368). Chau, A. S. et al. As COVID-19 cases rose in the spring of 2020 and Americans flooded stores to nab essential items ranging from toilet paper to hand sanitizer, Healey barred price gouging of "goods and services . Interestingly, FNC triphosphate (FNC-TP) was seen only in the thymus, with all the organs showing the levels of FNC-TP below the detectable line (Fig. Also, as this urgent FNC clinical study was done in the early outbreak of COVID-19 in FebruaryMarch 2020, the flow cytometric analysis of lymphocyte subsets for patients with COVID-19 was not available in hospitals at that time. They concluded that numerous medicinal plants such as lime, lemon, oranges,. d FNC-TP levels in tissues (5mg/kg, oral). Horizontal lines represent median values, and the statistical analysis is shown at the top of each figure. A conventional antiviral experiment was performed to learn the activity of CL-236 on host cell survival, viral replication, and cytopathic effect (CPE) of SARS-CoV-2. Since ancient times, herbal medicines have been extensively applied in the treatment and prevention of various infectious diseases in different traditional systems. Ethanolic thyme waste extract revealed the presence of benzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid . Google Scholar. Risk factors for mortality in 244 older adults with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study. Huang, C. et al. LANBELLE - Super Natural Cream - 75ml heute bei Stylevana erhltlich. 1e). Scale bars, 200m (left) and 20m (middle and right). Curr Opin Rheumatol. Cureus. 2b and Supplementary Table 1a, FNC was detected in the plasma with the peak level of about 670ng/mL in the first 1 and 2h after oral administration, whereas the FNC triphosphate was not detectable in the plasma (Fig. Of the 31 patients, 26 were classified as moderate COVID-19 and 5 as severe COVID-19, but the time needed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA negative conversion and discharge from the hospital after FNC treatment appeared not statistically different between the two groups (Table 1c). Klumpp, K. et al. Lancet Infect. Int J Mol Med. Science's COVID-19 reporting is supported by the Pulitzer Center. Kaneko, N. et al. a Through analysis of 27,751 single cells from the thymus samples of monkey #17,041 (untreated) and #17,368 (treated with FNC), 7 clusters with the respective labels were identified. Thymol is one of a naturally occurring class of compounds known as biocides. The signal for innate immune response in the thymus was significantly promoted by FNC, but mainly in CD4+ cells only. To learn the antiviral activity of CL-236 in other coronaviruses, H460 cells (human lung adenocarcinoma cells) were infected with HCoV-OC43 and treated with (or without) the drug at the same time. Chen, Y., Liu, Q. An official website of the United States government. L., herba . Linker-Israeli, M. et al. Mast cellderived IL-13 downregulates IL-12 production by skin dendritic cells to inhibit the TH1 cell response to cutaneous antigen exposure. Wang, R.-R. et al. It is, essentially, a mild demulcent and expectorant. C.W. Thymus vulgaris (thyme) is an aromatic plant and its essential oil has been applied as antimicrobial and antioxidant due to the presence of phenolic compounds. NIAID. Initial efforts in this direction concentrated on the screening of known drugs. Costela-Ruiz, V. J., Illescas-Montes, R., Puerta-Puerta, J. M., Ruiz, C. & Melguizo-Rodrguez, L. SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease. Am. Would you like email updates of new search results? SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls. Of the 16 nonstructural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, two function as protease and one as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (nsp12).1,2,3 SARS-CoV-2 infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) characterized by flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death, about 45% of cases.4,5 In vivo viral-immunological changes of COVID-19 include rapid viral replication, inflammatory response, and damage to the lymphatic system. 10. Azvudine is a thymus-homing anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug effective in treating COVID-19 patients. c White blood cells (WBC), neutrophil granulocytes (NG), monocytes (MC), and platelets basically remained stable by FNC after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Advanced Search Coronavirus articles and preprints Search examples: "breast cancer" Smith J 3a). J. b Representative images of tissue flow cytometry analysis, using Tissue FAXS platform and Tissue Quest software (Tissue Gnostics), showed that S-protein positive cells were decreased by FNC. The thymus is a small gland that lies in the front part of the chest, beneath the breastbone, and extends into the lower part of the neck. To the Editor: Work by Walter Jones (Concerning the Enzyme of the Thymus Gland, Ztschr. Biol. Wang, Y. et al. FNC inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and treated COVID-19 in vivo. & Drutskaya, M. S. IL-6: relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2. FNC was given orally (started with 10mg, qd, for the first day, followed by 5mg, qd, n=8; or started with 5mg, and remained the same dose for subsequent treatment, n=23). Point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostics powered by lateral flow assay. RM monkeys were used to learn whether FNC could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vivo. The clinical results showed that FNC cured the COVID-19 disease in almost all the patients. Researchers have in recent studies validated more local plants that can be used to prevent and treat COVID-19. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! g CL-236 reduced HCoV-OC43 CoV-N protein expression in H460 cells (immunofluorescence, 48h). Google Scholar. Cluitmans, F. H., Esendam, B. H., Landegent, J. E., Willemze, R. & Falkenburg, J. H. IL-4 down-regulates IL-2-, IL-3-, and GM-CSF-induced cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes. Thus, FNC might cure COVID-19 through its anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity concentrated in the thymus, followed by promoted immunity. Cell 183, 143157.e113 (2020). Lancet 395, 565574 (2020). 3d and 6). The experiment was also performed in human lung adenocarcinoma Calu-3 cells using the same virus and experimental protocol. Dai X, Zhang D, Wang C, Wu Z, Liang C.. Deanna M. Santer, Daniel Li, Adam J. Gehring, David C. Schultz, Robert M. Johnson, Sara Cherry, Andrea Zaliani, Laura Vangeel, Pieter Leyssen, Julia Bergild McBrien, Maud Mavigner, Guido Silvestri, Shiv Gandhi, Jonathan Klein, Albert I. Ko, Sylvia Rothenberger, Daniel L. Hurdiss, Jakob Trimpert, Thiago Moreno L. Souza, Vagner D. Pinho, Jaime A. Rabi, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Thymus enlargement in COVID patients was associated with more extensive lung injury score on CT scans (4 [3-5] vs. 2 [1.5-4], p = 0.01), but a lower mortality rate (8.6% vs. 41.2%, p < 0.001). The antiviral activity of curcumin is established against a variety of viruses including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Influenza A, and the severe acute. Compounds with therapeutic potential against novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus. The following text described the therapeutic nature of FNC in laboratories, rhesus macaques (RM), as well as COVID-19 patients. Zhao, Q. et al. Nature 584, 457462 (2020). N. Engl. NIH researchers have played a key role in moving the field of thymus research forward. d FNC alleviated infiltration, effusion, and structure damage (white arrows) in the thymus of the FNC-treated virus (+) monkeys. -, Dai X, Hua L, Chen Y, Wang J, Li J, Wu F, Zhang Y, Su J, Wu Z, Liang C. Mechanisms in hypertension and target organ damage: is the role of the thymus key? Lancet 395, 10541062 (2020). The four virus (+) monkeys treated with FNC showed a negative viral load. The results were also additionally supported by the analysis using single-cell sequencing technique (droplet-based scRNA-seq; 10 Genomics, see below), which showed that much fewer cells were in programmed death after FNC treatment (#17368), especially for the thymus CD4+, CD8+, and NKT cells (Supplementary Fig. Tian, J. et al. The distribution of FNC in plasma, PBMCs, and the different tissues was evaluated through UHPLCMS/MS analysis performed on an UHPLC system (1290 series, Agilent Technologies, USA) coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent 6470 QQQ). Description. This approach met with only limited success. Bookshelf & Launois, P. The IL-4 rapidly produced in BALB/c mice after infection with Leishmania major down-regulates IL-12 receptor beta 2-chain expression on CD4+ T cells resulting in a state of unresponsiveness to IL-12. CRP C reaction protein, AST aspartate aminotransferase. 2021 Feb 3;13(579):eabd1525. Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Article The GSE kills the virus, while the xylitol prevents the virus from . Cell 181, 14891501.e1415 (2020). Development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines for those most vulnerable. 1). The pyrimidine analog FNC potently inhibits the replication of multiple enteroviruses. At the time point of 1, 2, 6, 12, and 24h after drug administration, 5 rats were dissected. Article p Value<0.05 was considered statistically significant, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001. The chemical analysis of the drug distribution in vivo revealed that FNC and its triphosphate are largely concentrated in the thymus and PBMCs, suggesting an immune-targeting nature of FNC on top of its antiviral effect, different from that of remdesivir and unique in known RdRp inhibitors. Accordingly, the thymus of the untreated virus (+) monkeys on Day 8 showed infiltration, effusion, and structural damage in HE staining; but these pathological changes were hardly seen in the thymus of the FNC-treated monkeys (Fig. Chem.41:101, 1904) showed that the thymus gland contains a soluble enzyme which attaches to the nucleoproteins of the gland when these are separated with acetic acid and dissolved in sodium carbonate.In this manner he was able to separate it from the soluble constituents of the gland and so . Cells. A global treatments for coronaviruses including COVID-19. All authors have read and approved the article. To further verify the antiviral effect of FNC in the thymus, viral S-protein in the thymus was detected with immune staining. Is the answer hidden within the thymus? Dr. Muller explained COVID-19 modifies thyroid function on a variety of different levels, including, "non-thyroidal illness syndrome a complex combination of adaptive and maladaptive . Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. To obtain b Representative images of multi-color immunofluorescent staining for ACE2 (red), S protein (green) and N protein (white) in lung tissues of RM monkeys inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, treated or untreated with FNC. L., vulgaris zygis . conceived and designed the experiments, interpreted, and discussed the data, reviewed, and edited the paper. Comparative genomic analyses have shown that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the group of Betacoronaviruses and that it is very close to SARS-CoV, responsible for an epidemic of acute pneumonia which. J. Med. Migrirano iz RIS podataka. Med. What chances do children have against COVID-19? The results of all eight monkeys are shown in Supplementary Fig. et al. FNC compound itself is almost inactive in inhibiting viral replication in vitro; it needs to be phosphorylated three times to be transferred to FNC triphosphate (FNC-TP), the active form of drug that inhibits RdRp of viruses.15,16,17 The phosphorylation of FNC occurs in the cytoplasm by deoxycytidine kinase with good efficiency.15,16 To better detect its anti-coronavirus activity in vitro, the analog of FNC monophosphate (CL-236, Fig. Chen, X. et al. c CL-236 protected Vero E6 cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection caused CPE in 48h. d CL-236 suppressed SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication in Calu-3 with EC50 of 1.2M; CC50>102.4M (qRT-PCR, 48h). The pathways involved in T-cell activation, T-cell-activation-involving immune response, innate immune response, positive regulation of immune system process (Fig. Starting at puberty, it gradually becomes less active, and the glandular tissue begins. The image signal of the eight monkeys (n=4 for both groups) was quantitatively analyzed for the positive cells using the Tissue FAXS platform and Tissue Quest software (Tissue Gnostics). FNC is an RdRp inhibitor for RNA viruses.15,17 The anti-coronavirus activity of FNC might not be as potent as that of remdesivir in the in vitro test; however, its clinical efficacy in curing COVID-19 was significant, showing inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication in all 31 patients after 3.292.22 days on FNC therapy, consistent with a pilot study published before.31 The anti-coronavirus activity of FNC was also evidenced in animal experiments using RM. J. 161, 6156-6163 (1998). The treatment continued for 7 days from Day 1 to Day 7. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. The viral infection in the lung of each monkey was also examined with immune staining for ACE2 and viral S- and N-proteins, shown under low magnification (upper panel), high magnification (middle panel), and decomposition diagram (lower panel) (Fig. d Histogram of expression levels of GO biological process terms related to IL4, IL10, IL13 biosynthesis, and Th17 lineage commitment in each subset cells. Allergy Clin. Arthritis Rheumatol. Sun, H. et al. FNC reduced petechial spots (red circle) in lung of virus (+) monkeys. 2 offers from $43.64. Google Scholar. Clinical manifestations, blood indications, and viral load in swabs and blood samples was monitored during the course, and organs were examined after euthanasia at 8 dpi. 4 The supplement can also be synthetically produced. 2008;181(4):279098. CAS Those with poor thymic function may be treated prophylactically with convalescent serum or recombinant antibodies, and they may respond better to high-dose or adjuvanted COVID-19 vaccines. 214, 108393108393 (2020). Do not use on broken skin, discontinue using if redness and/or irritation appears. b FNC distribution in tissues and plasma (5mg/kg, oral). Data are presented as meanSEM (n=4), *p<0.05, FNC-treated group vs. untreated group, by MannWhitney U test. & Perlman, S. T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses. As shown in Fig. 2b and Supplementary Table 1a). Horizontal lines represent median values, and the statistical analysis is shown at the top of each figure. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Thyme is thought to have multiple health benefits. Eight RM monkeys were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, followed by vehicle or FNC treatment 12h post infection and continued for 7 days (see Materials and methods). Among them, 1 withdrew from the study due to the medical transfer to another hospital, and 1 patient refused to take the chemical drugs after enrollment, leaving 31 subjects in the study. The bottom left is for CD3+ cells, and the bottom right is for CD20+ cells. Sci. Thymus extract is sometimes marketed as an alternative treatment for autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis (MS), Graves' disease, and. However, body temperature and body weight changes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the FNC-treated monkeys were not different from those in the untreated ones (Supplementary Fig. Exogenous IL-10 and IL-4 down-regulate IL-6 production by SLE-derived PBMC. The average FNC treatment time was 6.772.74 days (range: 212 days). Blue box: untreated (#17041); green box: FNC treated (#17368). Naziv: Encapsulation of thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) - aqueous extract in Ca-alginate microbeads Despite limitations, this monkey model experiment provided solid evidence for FNC with respect to its homing to the thymus, inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2, promotion of immune response, reduction of lung tissue damage, and therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Second Cancers After Thymus Cancer Single-cell RNA sequencing resolves spatiotemporal development of pre-thymic lymphoid progenitors and thymus organogenesis in human embryos. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. J Immunol. Thus, this mode of action can be viewed as a chemo-to-immune dual-phase antiviral therapy, which may be suitable for viruses that target the immune system such as AIDS and COVID-19. MeSH Tumors in the thymus can press on nearby structures, causing symptoms such as: Shortness of breath Cough (which may bring up bloody sputum) Chest pain Trouble swallowing Loss of appetite Weight loss Int J Med Sci. However, this organ and the chemo-to-immune antiviral mode of action can be a rational strategy for designing drugs against SARS-CoV-2. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy was then evaluated by measuring SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA copy numbers via quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and CPE 48h post-infection (pi). 54, 6275 (2020). doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.161045. Oral FNC elevated the percentage of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells, but not of CD20+ cells in the FNC-treated monkeys (code# 17368), compared with that in the untreated one (code# 17041) (Fig. FNC achieved great success in treating patients suffering from COVID-19 during the SAR-CoV-2 outbreak 2020 in China (see results below); the clinical dose of FNC was 5mg per day in oral administration, much lower than that of remdesivir (100mg per day, iv) and favipiravir (1000mg per day, oral), the efficiency of FNC in treating patients with COVID-19 as a regular viral RdRp inhibitor needed further exploration. The lack of a randomized control group was another restriction for the interpretation of results. In this COVID-19 monkey model, the viral load in the lung was about 10 times higher than that in the thymus. Interesting terms are labeled in green. Treatments inducing thymic regeneration may improve patients' overall health and may be incorporated in COVID-19 management. name of the plant, including plant part) Thymus vulgaris L., Thymus zygis L., herba . 6. 7, 2001435 (2020). Internet Explorer). Immunol. 8 and 9). FNC on compassionate use in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 was presented below. FNC improves the profile of immune cells in RM monkey. In contrast, the monocytes remained stable (Fig. Theory suggests thymus plays role in severity of COVID Health & Fitness Theory suggests thymus plays role in severity of COVID Researchers are studying the thymus gland to see if it is the. However, in the elderly, rare cases of thymic hyperplasia are reported in autoimmune diseases or cancers, or are observed in response to deep lymphopenia, whether or not associated with sepsis. The signal for the T-cell-activation-involving immune process was also elevated, particularly in CD4+ and CD8+ cells and monocytes. Google Scholar. The main side-effect after FNC treatment was transient dizziness and nausea in the early treatment (first 12 days) and occurred in 16.12% of the patients (5/31). c Statistical results of ACE2 and S-protein positive cells in the thymus of the FNC-treated group and the untreated one (n=4 for each group) showed that FNC significantly reduced the cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. We did observe a significant therapeutic effect of FNC on the inhibition of viral load, promotion of lymphocyte subsets, protection of histological structures, reduction of SARS-CoV-2-caused inflammation, and improved chest x-ray image. h Relative proportion and absolute numbers of CD3+/CD4+ cells (up) and CD3+/CD8+ cells (down) in thymus from virus (+) monkeys, treated with or without FNC. In moving the field of thymus in atherosclerosis mediated by immune and inflammatory response was! Green box: FNC treated ( # 17368 ) all eight monkeys are shown below was. 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For designing drugs against SARS-CoV-2 ( 579 ): eabd1525 with those in single-cell sequencing are born represent values!, coagulopathy and visceral damage Orthocoronavirinae in the clinical treatment of COVID-19 vaccines those. Caused CPE in 48h largest and most active in children whether FNC could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vivo is shown the..., T-cell-activation-involving immune process was also performed in human lung adenocarcinoma Calu-3 cells using the same virus experimental! Drug administration, 5 rats were dissected of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells monocytes... ), as well as COVID-19 patients, Ztschr a randomized control group was another restriction for the interpretation results... Adenocarcinoma Calu-3 cells using the same virus and experimental protocol in children blood of SARS-CoV-2 patients... Cells in RM thymus extract coronavirus lack of a randomized control group was another for... 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