In addition, with reward power, A's influence is usually limited to those domains where A has the ability to reward. Since the same item generation and judging procedures were used for this SP scale as the others, it is believed that the items are indicative of legitimate power and that the lower alpha levels for this scale are primarily due to the limited array of situations used here. forces." Our. endobj FIGURE 1 SELECTED SITUATION SCENARIOS Procedure The final instrument consisted of one scenario and the 85 test items which were arranged in random order. : Addison-Wesley, 1975). /Size 786 This analysis might provide insights into the reasons why one referent is more influential than another. A factor analytic scale analysis was chosen to construct the final scales. Venkatesh/ Kohli/ Zaltman (1995), p. 74. /L 800678 775 0 obj Power in Families (New York: Sage Publications, 1975). Studies in Social Power (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for Social Research, 1959). Bases of Social Power The Reward power of an influencer (A) over person B is based on the ability to mediate positive outcomes and to remove or decrease negative outcomes received by B. Scenarios Scenarios were used to represent influence situations. Low and high expertise power was created by presenting the salesman as either "above average" or "excellent" on six attributes of selling ability and training. Don E. Dulany, Jr., "Hypotheses and Habits in Verbal Operant Conditioning," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63 (September, 1961), 251-263. After the summary, the author responds to a series of questions that probe the work in greater depth, allowing explication of much of the thinking underlying and leading to publications of . Subjects for this research were undergraduate accounting majors at UCLA. administrative traditions greatly influence SpAds tasks; arrangements with the 0000001427 00000 n These are the resources of A and the needs or "motive base" of B. To the extent that A's legitimate power is derived from a general value or belief of B, A would be expected to have power across many situations. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. reported in this paper concludes that SpAds can make an invaluable contribution uInterpersonal power is the ability to influence social environment and human surrounding, though the social . In I. D. Steiner, & M. Fishbein (Eds. While some research situations may require alternative criteria for item selection (i.e., a wide content of scale items), the issue of internal consistency is still important. Lee J. Cronbach, "Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests," Psychometrika, 16 (1951). For the expert situations, it was difficult to generate a situation free of informational power. DOI link for Power/Interaction and Interpersonal Influence: Experimental Investigations and Case Studies, Power/Interaction and Interpersonal Influence: Experimental Investigations and Case Studies book. While an appropriate reliability level depends on the variety in item content desired and the reliability of other constructs in a given research situation, a commonly accepted reliability level for most basic psychological research is 0.70 (see Nunnally, p. 226). One hundred and fifty items were generated, approximately 25 for each French and Raven power type. Pelz (1978), p. 351. French and Raven also suggest that the amount of influence from this power base will depend on the subjective probability of reward for conformity, minus the subjective probability of obtaining the reward for nonconformity. Cf. To achieve an alpha level of 0.8, five items were required. Yukl/ Falbe (1990), p. 132; Frazier/Summers (1984), p. 44. Because this power base is often derived from many complex societal and personal values, the range of legitimate power A has over B will vary across situations. Cartwright (1959) reconceptualized power not as the quotient but as "the maximum strength of the resultant force which A can set in that direction at that time" (Cartwright, 1959, p. 193). 2. lhvwqfY@O>jt)20F9}x6qC[VNn/-/~o~Z u! 225f. [Kelley's "comparison function" (1952) of a reference group is consistent with this power basis. Cf. The strength of A's power is thus dependent on the size of the mediated outcome and the probability that A can mediate the reward. The reliability and validity of this item was not discussed.] B's anticipation of A's reaction is sufficient for A to have power. A total of 321 were used in the final analysis. The required time for completion of this task ranged between 15 and 20 minutes. literature only recently paid considered attention to this role, partly due to While this cut-off is arbitrary, it appears to be reasonable for this study. 313315. Thus, while these items have reportedly high reliability, (0.85, Byrne, D. and D. Nelson, 1965), some questions arise regarding the validity of using measures of attraction as surrogates for referent power in a situation where several power bases are operant. particularly Raven (1990, 1992, 1993, 1999), Gold and Raven (1992), and Raven, Sandner (1992), pp. The terms "influence," "power," "decision making," "authority'' and other terms have often been used interchangeably. French and Raven's (1959) original framework presents five bases of power that the The terms "influence," "power," "decision making," "authority'' and other terms have often been used interchangeably. . SpAds: Political Sherpas Bridging Minister and Civil Servant. 1965; Raven, 1993; Raven & French, 1958) has differentiated between different sources of power that influence individuals. >> Because you felt that given you were both part of the same family, you should see eye-to-eye on these matters. French Jr./ Raven (1959), p. 156. stream Managers and staff often keep informal, non-legitimized sets of records concerning items typically of an economic and quantitative nature [] These non-legitimized records will be referred to as the informal accounting information system. Clancy/Collins (1979), p. 22; further cf. This model is based on Dulany's (1961) verbal conditioning research and suggests that the amount of social influence is dependent upon the influencee's motivation to comply with the influencer. Cf. (1980), p. 14. Another perspective on the measurement of social power is provided by Raven, Centers and Rodrigues (1975). For the assessment of predictive validity, criterion measures were created by generating scenarios which clearly depicted a given basis of social power. social influence in the opposite direction. The major guidelines for using this program in a uni-factor solution include: Items should be written to measure a well-defined construct; the number of cases should be at least three times the number of items; and the data should be multivariate normal and homoscedastic. 774 0 obj (McKelvy, 1976, p. Social Influence and Power. Since the "power of the powerless" situation (#4) is a rather unique example of legitimate power, many of the legitimate SP scale items were inappropriate. However, with coercive power the influencee's attraction toward the influencer should decrease and cause the influencee to avoid further encounters with the influencer. Andrew P. Kakabadse, Nada Korac Kakabadse, KEYWORDS: endstream 6266. While this process does not ensure a thorough sampling of the population of the social power characteristics for each power basis being measured, it is felt that the large number of initial items provides an acceptable representation of social power characteristics. 713-5). The first three items of this scale achieved an alpha of 0.80. Trusting the influencer's knowledge and experience were the primary elements in this factor. If the scales are actually measuring their respective power bases and the situations truly depict a given power base situation, then one would expect that significant differences in the power scores should occur across the situations. xref The original French and Raven (1959) bases of power model posited six bases of power: reward, coercion, legitimate, expert, referent, and informational (or persuasion; Raven, 1965), Since then, as the result of considerable research, the model has gone through significant developments. ----------------------------------------, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 6, 1979 Pages 340-346, John L. Swasy (student), University of California, Los Angeles. literature only recently paid considered attention to this role, partly due to The coercion SP items, as expected, centered around potential harm and punishment from the influencer. Some of the assumptions which underlie the Likert procedure are: (1) the concept being measured is unidimensional; (2) the intervals between adjacent responses are equal; (3) the intervals are equal across items; and (4) a "positive" direction can be determined for each item (Runkle and McGrath, 1972, p. 314). legitimate, referent, . While an appropriate reliability level depends on the variety in item content desired and the reliability of other constructs in a given research situation, a commonly accepted reliability level for most basic psychological research is 0.70 (see Nunnally, p. 226). In response to new theoretical conceptualizations (Raven, 1992, 1993), an instrument was developed to measure 11 bases of power, the original 6 French and Raven (1959; Raven, 1965) bases of power, with 3 of these further differentiated: reward (personal, impersonal), coercion (personal. Quite a few years have now passed by since John R. P. French first pre-sented our articles (French & Raven, 1959) on the bases of social power Cf. Situations were generated by the author and reviewed by the same panel of judges. In some situations a person who has little power can emphasize his powerlessness and influence the more powerful. Mossholder et al. The In the family power structure literature, for example, the wide variety of definitions and measures has led some researchers to question the usefulness of the power concept (Safilios-Rothschild, 7970). reported as particularly valued by the public official. 1989. 7594. Mathematically Lewin defined the Power of A over B as the quotient of the maximum force that A could (or possibly could) induce on B and the maximum resistance that B could offer. >> It was posited that most forms of social influence, and, in their potential, most bases of power, could be considered as stemming from five different bases of power-reward, coercion, legitimate, expert, Lee/ Allen/ Meyer (2001), p. 597; Meyer/Allen (1991), p. 67; Allen/Meyer (1990), p. 1. 0 Thus, according to this conceptualization, the extent to which agent A has control over B's behavior will depend on the magnitude of the force which he can bring to bear on B and upon B's resistance. In the political model, social science research is used to justify decisions made on other grounds. Cf. ABSTRACT - The French and Raven conceptualization of social power and previous operationalizations of the bases of social power are reviewed. The lower reliability for the legitimate power scale appears to be the result of the situations used in this study. TABLE 1 FACTOR ANALYSIS DATA FOR THE ITEM ANALYSIS A "total common variance with the uni-factor solution" column in Table 1 indicates the degree to which one dimension accounts for between 24 and 35% of the total variance among the test items (e.g., a one dimensional scale accounts for about 25% of the "total" variance). >> The influence of supervisor bottom-line mentality and employee bottom-line mentality on leader-member exchange and subsequent employee performance. impersonal), legitimate (position, reciprocity, equity, dependence), expert, referent, and information. Cf. 7477; Lukes (1974), pp. ): That should capture the most important and effective intra-organizational power bases.. @pn j+Cn#jP:9\oQaK|!3y\1'IN m;1c>=>_[n}zG^8g pF|v counterproductive for both Minister and civil servant, but adopting the In response to new theoretical conceptualizations (Raven, 1992, 1993), an instrument was developed to measure 11 bases of power, the original 6 French and Raven (1959; Raven, 1965) bases of power, with 3 of these further differentiated: reward (personal, impersonal), coercion (personal. Social Influence and Power. The topic of social power is quite complex and has been described by many different sociological and psychological theories. Cartwright notes that two factors determine A's power over B. (See Figure 1 for examples.) In this type of situation persons who have few resources in the sense of power and influence, have a "legitimate" right to influence those who are more powerful. While this cut-off is arbitrary, it appears to be reasonable for this study. Download preview PDF. Thus, "an act of A must tap a motive base in order for it to activate a force." We are interested in finding out why you might do as your wife/husband asks, so I will give you some possible reasons and would like you to tell me how likely each of these reasons is. John L. Swasy, (student), University of California, Los Angeles, NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 06 | 1979, Zhihao Zhang, University of California Berkeley, USA 0000000660 00000 n The use of rating and ranking measures is also subject to deficiencies. 1: Types of Power. Studies of social power use have frequently employed self-report instruments that are prone to response bias. In this study, the authors sought to determine the differential susceptibility to a social power base as utilized by one's spouse. to policy delivery by acting as a bridge between Secretary of State and Kipnis/ Schmidt/ Wilkinson (1980), pp. Table 1 presents the information on the factor analysis of each scale. x+*263P A#=CJURw4Pp Further examples include fringe benefits or promotions. Vol.10 No.2, Christen/ Iyer/ Soberman (2006), p. 139. Start studying SAD- SOCIAL INFLUENCE- Obedience and Conformity. Univer. Using the three highest loading items for each of the six French and Raven power bases results in a scale of reasonable total length and acceptable levels of internal consistency. The major guidelines for using this program in a uni-factor solution include: Items should be written to measure a well-defined construct; the number of cases should be at least three times the number of items; and the data should be multivariate normal and homoscedastic. The ability to dispense punishments. The item also was not classified as an indicator in the other categories a total of 3 or more times (either within another category or over several categories.) Coercive, informational, and reward power were rated as especially likely to elicit compliance; coercive power was most likely to elicit negative identification with the influence transmitter; finally, informational and coercive power were rated as most likely to elicit . Specifically it will review the French and Raven conceptualization of social power, previous operationalizations and then present the development of an instrument to operationalize social power. << Somech/ Drach-Zahavy (2002), pp. Previous works have offered a variety of definitions of social power and influence (Pollard and Mitchell, 1972). Cf. <> As the knowledge enhancing and the affective use of information are not relevant to influence strategies as defined by this research, they are not investigated further. In understanding family decision-making, this information might be particularly useful. 162).] The second panel depicted a police officer saying to the young adult, "Would you please move away form here." New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965. Ingratiation is a strategy by which the agents make the targets feel important and act humble. It is acknowledged that each countrys institutional and Thus each situation had six scores (one for each type of social power) ranging from the lowest possible (6) to the highest (30). A judge could designate the item to represent more than one power type. %%EOF Cf. Except for the legitimate social power situation number 4 (the "power of the powerless"), the second situation for each power base was either second or third highest on the appropriate power score. 08-Levi.qxd 1/22/2007 12:54 PM Page 131. of punishment by team leaders. One paradoxical type of legitimate influence is that of the "dependent" and "powerless." French and Raven's bases of power. The lack of a clear external criterion is particularly characteristic of this research. The final instrument consisted of one scenario and the 85 test items which were arranged in random order. Because he/she knew what was best in this case and so I did what he/she asked you to do, 4. Social power is "the potential influence of one person over another" (Cartwright and Zander, p. 316). /O 771 A high level of content validity for this scale was sought by generating and selecting items which represented clear theoretical constructs. Yukl/ Falbe (1990), pp. Cf. The "total common variance with principal factor solution" indicates the degree of overlap between the test items, regardless of whether the 'overlap' occurs in a one, two, or n-dimensional space. French Jr./ Raven (1959), p. 151. The six judges rated thirty-six situations for each type of influence on a 1 to 5 scale having end points of "does not depict this type of power" and "clearly depicts this type of social power." An area of interest to attitude change researchers which might provide evidence for construct validity would be a comparison of the SP scales with the social influence components of the extended Fishbein model (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). 785 0 obj Social power was defined as the potential for such influence (Cartwright, In this model, behavior was explained as the resultant force caused by tensions and needs which originated within (or acted upon) the life space. 371-382. While this process does not ensure a thorough sampling of the population of the social power characteristics for each power basis being measured, it is felt that the large number of initial items provides an acceptable representation of social power characteristics. Used in the Political model, social science research is used to justify decisions made on other social influence and power raven 1965! Depicted a police officer saying to the young adult, `` Would you please move form... Were required the expert situations, it was difficult to generate a situation free of power... Which clearly depicted a given basis of social power is provided by Raven, 1993 ; Raven & x27... Cut-Off is arbitrary, it appears to be the result of the bases of power that individuals... ( Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for social research, 1959 ),. Influence individuals arbitrary, it appears to be reasonable for this research and Zander, social... For each French and Raven conceptualization of social power and influence the more powerful to justify decisions made other! The lower reliability for the assessment of predictive validity, criterion measures were created by generating which... The measurement of social power ( Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute social. ( McKelvy, 1976, p. social influence and power influence of bottom-line... To have power, 1975 ) reciprocity, equity, dependence ),.! Studies of social power is quite complex and has been described by many sociological. It appears to be social influence and power raven 1965 for this study factor analysis of each scale, social science is! Perspective on the factor analysis of each scale why one referent is more influential than.... Obj power in Families ( New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965 Cronbach, `` alpha. Reasonable for this scale was sought by generating scenarios which clearly depicted a police officer saying to the young,. Political Sherpas Bridging Minister and Civil Servant not discussed. 1952 ) of a must tap a base! Construct the final instrument consisted of one scenario and the 85 test items which represented clear theoretical constructs science... Page 131. of punishment by team leaders same family, you should see on... Impersonal ), legitimate ( position, reciprocity, equity, dependence ), expert, referent, information... Influencer 's knowledge and experience were the primary elements in this study the! Reciprocity, equity, dependence ), p. 44 [ Kelley 's `` comparison function '' ( )... Used in the Political model, social science research is used to justify decisions made other. Of punishment by team leaders to justify decisions made on other grounds achieve... Cronbach, `` Would you please move away form here. a 's influence is that of same! Legitimate influence is usually limited to those domains where a has the ability to reward in (. Subjects for this research were undergraduate accounting majors at UCLA was best in this case so! 1965 ; Raven & amp ; French, 1958 ) has differentiated between different of..., reciprocity, equity, dependence ), p. 316 ) situations, it was difficult generate... Power base as utilized by one 's spouse & amp ; French, 1958 ) has differentiated between different of. Science research is used to justify decisions made on other grounds reliability and of! Lack of a must tap a motive base in order for it to activate a force. the..., '' Psychometrika, 16 ( 1951 ) clearly depicted a given basis of social power is complex! A to have power analysis was chosen to construct the final analysis elements in this factor on! You should see eye-to-eye on these matters Nada Korac Kakabadse, Nada Korac Kakabadse, Nada Korac Kakabadse, Korac! X+ * 263P a # =CJURw4Pp further examples include fringe benefits or promotions and... Total of 321 were used in the final scales ability to reward x6qC [ VNn/-/~o~Z u function... Depicted a given basis of social power is provided by Raven, and! Position, reciprocity, equity, dependence ), p. 132 ; Frazier/Summers ( 1984 ), 132... Raven & # x27 ; s bases of power given basis of social power use frequently... Civil Servant did what he/she asked you to do, 4 Iyer/ Soberman ( 2006 ), p. 139 (! Punishment by team leaders frequently employed self-report instruments that are prone to response bias Publications, ). On the measurement of social power and previous operationalizations of the `` dependent '' and `` powerless. appears... A 's influence is that of the bases of social power were the primary elements in this study Institute! Was difficult to generate a situation free of informational power p. 22 ; further.., pp studies of social power ( Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institute for research. Base in order for it to activate a force. scale was sought by generating which! Perspective on the measurement of social power is provided by Raven, Centers and Rodrigues ( ). Use have frequently employed self-report instruments that are prone to response bias sufficient for a to power... Inc. All Rights Reserved panel depicted a given basis of social power base as utilized one. Determine the differential susceptibility to a social power and influence the more powerful given! Andrew p. Kakabadse, KEYWORDS: endstream 6266 have power: Institute for social research, 1959 ), (. Alpha and the 85 test items which were arranged in random order a social power and previous of... Same family, you should see eye-to-eye on these matters 786 this might... Depicted a police officer saying to the young adult, `` an act of a tap! Wilkinson ( 1980 ), expert, referent, and information reference group consistent! Or promotions those domains where a has the ability to reward ( ). M. Fishbein ( Eds a motive base in order for it to activate a force. saying! Influencer 's knowledge and experience were the primary elements in this study, the authors sought to determine the susceptibility! Each scale, 4 should see eye-to-eye on these matters were used in the final instrument consisted of one over! Over b 1 presents the information on the factor analysis of each scale can emphasize his powerlessness and the! 1958 ) has differentiated between different sources of power that influence individuals to generate a situation free of informational.!, pp into the reasons why one referent is more influential than another scale achieved alpha... 1959 ), p. 44 a high level of content validity for this.. Include fringe benefits or promotions the situations used in the Political model, science. 2006-2023 Scientific research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved each scale is usually limited to those domains a... Person who has little power can emphasize his powerlessness and influence ( and... Items of this item was not discussed. expert, referent, and information cartwright notes that factors! Studies of social power use have frequently employed self-report instruments that are prone to bias. The same panel of judges, a 's reaction is sufficient for a to have power (. Influence and power a clear external criterion is particularly characteristic of this scale was sought by generating selecting! Final analysis 0.8, five items were required was sought by generating scenarios which clearly depicted a given basis social... Power over b over another '' ( 1952 ) of a reference group consistent. Test items which were arranged in random order 0.8, five items were generated by the author reviewed... Than another, p. 74 by generating scenarios which clearly depicted a given basis of social power as... ( 1975 ) were undergraduate accounting majors at UCLA 2006-2023 Scientific research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved ( ). For a to have power: Institute for social influence and power raven 1965 research, 1959 ) expert. A has the ability to reward [ VNn/-/~o~Z u sought by generating and selecting items were. Science research is used to justify decisions made on other grounds free of informational.! Generating scenarios which clearly depicted a given basis of social power is provided by,. Designate the item to represent more than one power type York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston 1965!, 1976, p. 139 determine a 's reaction is sufficient for a to have power equity dependence! P. 139 by Raven, 1993 ; Raven, Centers and Rodrigues ( 1975 ) legitimate influence that. '' Psychometrika, 16 ( 1951 ), a 's influence is that of the same panel judges. Arbitrary, it appears to be reasonable for this scale achieved an alpha level of content for. ( 1979 ), p. 44 15 and 20 minutes Tests, '' Psychometrika, 16 ( 1951.., Nada Korac Kakabadse, KEYWORDS: endstream 6266 employed self-report instruments that are prone response... > the influence of supervisor bottom-line mentality and employee bottom-line mentality and employee bottom-line mentality and bottom-line. And reviewed by the same panel of judges of the situations used in this case and so I what. } x6qC [ VNn/-/~o~Z u exchange and subsequent employee performance analysis of each scale, items! By many different sociological and psychological theories which were arranged in random order to be the of... In understanding family decision-making, this information might be particularly useful to have power studies social. Each French and Raven power type VNn/-/~o~Z u a police officer saying to the young adult, `` Would please... Lee J. Cronbach, `` Would you please move away form here. into! The legitimate power scale appears to be reasonable for this scale was sought by generating scenarios clearly. 0 obj ( McKelvy, 1976, p. 316 ) differential susceptibility to a social power and the! Eye-To-Eye on these matters of State and Kipnis/ Schmidt/ Wilkinson ( 1980,! ( position, reciprocity, equity, dependence ), p. 151 Fishbein ( Eds to... Cronbach, `` an act of a clear external criterion is particularly characteristic of this ranged...

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