2. In this article, I'm going to share some of my favorite "quick win" principles to improve your learning. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. This student-centered approach ensures that the people doing the most talking learn the most. through reasoning, analysis, note-taking, and synthesizing. 2018;26(4):574-579. doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1383434, Shors TJ, Anderson ML, Curlik DM 2nd, Nokia MS. Use it or lose it: how neurogenesis keeps the brain fit for learning. If you want to know how to learn, it is important to explore learning techniques that have been shown to be effective. A teacher selects the teaching strategy most suited to the current level of knowledge of the students, the concept being studied, and the stage in the learning journey of the students. learning strategies as necessary and to overcome difculties in learning. Its commonly known that students attention will waiver every 12-20 minutes, so by utilising active learning strategies throughout your teaching plan you should be able to keep your students more engaged with the topic youre teaching to the class. The results of my test did not surprise me. Students explain how they solved the problem by identifying each step, e.g. When you are teaching that kind of content, these six strategies will help your students perform better on the test AND retain that information long after the test is over. Next, go around the map and list any facts associated with each concept. And we mistakenly judge familiarity as meaning robust learning. A cooperative learning strategy, the three-step interview encourages students to develop active listening skills by quizzing one another, sharing their thoughts and taking notes. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Active learning provides a deeper and more interesting learning experience as it uses activities such as reading, writing, discussion, or problem-solving to promote analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of class content. Retrieval practice works best when students: One recent meta-analysis found that retrieval practice had an effect size of 0.55 larger than rehearsal. Its important that everyone in the class listens completely to each speaker without interrupting. Prepare Plan to be busy Attend pre-semester Academic Skills Workshops Access Library help Improve your IT skills Understand your program Read more . 4. In this activity, you ask children to reflect on the part of a lesson they found the most unclear or confusing. These strategies help students to become lifelong learners as it promotes learning to be not only about the content but also about the process in which a student learns. But, feedback as a learning strategy has a different twist. More responsibility falls on the student through a number of means, including collaboration with the teacher and classmates. Another group activity you can engage your students in is a poster and gallery walk. Watch foreign-language films and strike up conversations with native speakers to practice your budding skills. 0000011307 00000 n Try to stay neutral in your reaction to students comments to allow them to come up with their own evaluations of the topic. Transforming learned material helps encode learning. Seamus Farrell. Allow the students in the inner circle a time to prepare ideas and questions in advance, while you brief the students who are observing what they should be listening for. 4 ways to support SEN students in the classroom. This is your representation of how the parts and the aspects fit together, relate together. You can help your students by teaching them how to use each of these strategies. Im not an early childhood teacher, but I imagine that in the early years some tailoring would be necessary. Bretzing B. H., Kulhavy R. W. (1979). They listen. The strategies. By learning new things, these cells are kept alive and incorporated into brain circuits. Set the stage for learning. Such questions are at the center of the work of Mark McDaniel, professor of psychology and the director of the Center for Integrative Research on Cognition, Learning, and Education at Washington University in St. Louis. There are several different versions of this process, but they are all based on Polyas 4 steps. So older learners shouldnt feel that theyre at a definitive disadvantage, because theyre not. This starts with teaching your students the general problem-solving process. Because trying to retrieve information is a lot more difficult than rereading it. Some of the optimal conditions for learning are common sense and good for our general . 0000005894 00000 n I will talk with my teacher for strategies to use my strength, and build on my weaknesses. Lyman, F. (1981). Practice involves retrieving previously learned information and applying it to the question/task at hand. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learning strategies are just one kind. Every 12-15 minutes of your class, when youve been dicatating or sharing videos, you should pause for two to three minutes. Its also a great way to improve writing skills and train yourself to be concise. Research suggests that believing in your own capacity for growth is one of the best ways to take advantage of the learning opportunities you pursue. Then other students that want to express their views raise their hand and wait (patiently and quietly) to be called upon by the chair. For example, the method of loci is a classic memory improvement technique; it involves making associations between facts to be remembered and particular locations. When you get down to it, it will be easier to do tasks and studying in general. the last teaching period of each day for 5-10 days. Use a variety of learning methods such as reading the information, writing it down, and teaching it to someone else. Develop a Clear and Structured Online Course Design. And we misinterpret these fluency cues that the brain is getting. So if you make a mistake when learning something new, spend some time correcting the mistake and examining how you arrived at the incorrect answer. Cognitive strategies can serve to aid your memory, learning, reasoning, thinking, problem solving, and decision making. No one can be selected twice until all those that want to participate have had a turn. I am in a Prep year 12 school and would like to share with staff. And then as a learner, you are more motivated to replace these ineffective techniques with more effective techniques. Chaire A, Becke A, Dzel E. Effects of physical exercise on working memory and attention-related neural oscillations. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Find out how you learn best to improve your grades or learn new skills. My pleasure. Im not doing very well. encourage students to get involved with active learning and theyre more likely to get excited about their studies or a particular subject matter. Learning Strategies. So this is a seductive thing that we have to, instructors and students alike, have to understand and have to move beyond those initial judgments, I havent learned very much, and trust that the more difficult practice schedule really is the better learning. Role-playing can be used to help improve childrens confidence and encourage collaborative learning. Education, of course, is different than learning but both depend on curiosity. Based on preliminary interview, students find it easier by watching movies and reading a book or magazine. For many students, learning typically involves reading textbooks, attending lectures, or doing research in the library or online. Auditory learners get the most value from listening. You can start or continue your Harvard Extension journey during the summer. (1994). Extracting the ideas is more fluent. Each of the strategies below present a different way to personalize instruction and address students' multiple learning styles within the classroom. Essentially, I have students write out their why. 0000004414 00000 n This can be done in a variety of ways. Dr. Mark A. McDaniel shares effective, evidence-based strategies about learning to replace less effective but widely accepted practices. To understand how the learning growth of each students, it is important to: draw on your knowledge of these students collaborate with your colleagues. 0000223681 00000 n Focus on spending a little time studying each topic every day. However, transformations usually involve some form of visual structure. Answer (1 of 2): In the past few years there has been a growing pressure on both teachers and students to prove, show and "certify" what they are able to do. Allow yourself one minute to complete the summary. Here are some of the most basic strategies. Thanks Shaun. 0000014723 00000 n 0000009995 00000 n What Is A SuperAger and Can You Become One? Older learners really want to try to leverage their prior knowledge and use that as a basis to structure and frame and understand new information coming in. The researchers would like to address and identify the strategies used by the learners for their process of learning during and using flexible learning modality. Interesting! If it is a sport or athletic skill, perform the activity on a regular basis. When a student struggles in one area, the teacher creates a plan that includes extra practice, step-by-step directions, and special homework. 2012;20(5):511-517. doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.683010, Forrin ND, Macleod CM. First, draw a circle in the center of a sheet of paper that represents the central concept you want to study. And Ive written more on this since Make It Stick. Older learners really want to try to leverage their prior knowledge and use that as a basis to structure and frame and understand new information coming in. Dont worry about organization or relevance yet. Then, there are specific strategies that you can use within this process. Metacognitive Strategies. 0000005453 00000 n And the second cue is fluency. Abdul Limbada, Teacher of Computing, RS and MFL, Eden Boys' Leadership Academy, Manchester, UK Richard Mayer's (2018) book on how to become a successful learner offers study habits that will boost learning outcomes by helping students to master new material. 0000093700 00000 n Successful lifelong learning is getting these effective strategies in place, trusting them, and having them become a habit for how youre going to approach your learning challenges. Here are seven learning strategies that research shows have a high impact on student learning. 1. 0000005708 00000 n Remember your seventh-grade presentation on Costa Rica? Hone Your Note-Taking Skills. This ranges from techniques for improved memory to better studying or test-taking strategies. 109-113). It is a relatively simple learning strategy, but has numerous benefits. The effect of knowledge-map and underlining training on the reading comprehension of scientific texts. And, research has revealed that, on average, students who space out their practice score 15% higher than students who complete massed practice. Furthermore, the mindset of students seeking feedback matters too. You can find a free lesson for introducing this strategy to students in my resource library (exclusive for subscribers). Sheona Carter. Over time, students will discover which ones work best for them. Research shows that students encode information better when they connect it to their existing understandings. Psychol Sci Public Interest. Here are five strategies I have implemented in my classroom to help students improve their focus so they're ready, willing and able to learn. Five ways to learn include visual, auditory, text-based, kinesthetic, and multimodal learning. 0000005063 00000 n This process of returning for brief sessions over a long period of time is one of the best ways to learn efficiently and effectively. your students can support each other, so it doesnt just fall on the teacher. As educators continue to refine and hone their instructional practices, here are several strategies for implementing a student-centered classroom: Student-Centered Teaching Strategies Choice Boards 2016;27(10):1321-1330. doi:10.1177/0956797616659930, Manning JR, Kahana MJ. In short, active learning is the involvement of the student directly in the learning process. Theyll then have to respond to a series of short questions, whether thats online or in writing on a worksheet. Everybody . When you are not sure how to spell a word, what are you most likely to do? The aim of the study was to identify learning strategies and styles as a basis for building personal learning environments (PLEs). For many years, it was thought that people who multitask (perform more than one activity at once) had an edge over those who did not. If you want to learn . Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. We turn to these habits. It also provides students with the opportunity to give feedback on how well they have understood the topics being taught to them to identify problem areas in a childs knowledge and understanding. But the three most famous learning strategies are mnemonic, structural, and generative. Your students may have created an outline of these steps and practised following them. You dont need to use all of these techniques. Its not that one technique is better than the other. For example, you may have taught your students how to multiply common fractions. Its very clear from much work in reading and cognitive processes during reading that when you reread something at every level, the processes are more fluent. Research has found that longhand notes can help cement information in memory more effectively than digital note-taking. A book with lots of pictures in it A book with lots of words in it A book with word searches or crossword puzzles 2. Tell children why the material is important, what the learning goals are, and what the expectations are for quality performance. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. In this Q&A adapted from a Career & Academic Resource Center podcast episode, McDaniel discusses his research on human learning and memory, including the most effective strategies for learning throughout a lifetime. Although it might seem like this takes too long, it will actually save time later because you will be able to remember information more easily and efficiently. Writing is a much more active learning process than reading notes. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. As the name implies, visual learners get the most from lessons displayed in a visual format. Put each one in their own circle around the central circle. It was first described by Frank Lyman (1982) as a way to increase student motivation. All the advice on this site is general in nature. Students have different strategies in learning, especially while learning a second language. Eliminating distractions so you can focus on what you are learning. Maybe you have a child in school? Kendra holds a Master of Science degree in education from Boise State University with a primary research interest in educational psychology and a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Idaho State University with additional coursework in substance use and case management. [o2C6clR-\+ov;)'$?6*gMMs,4u[n$]ff.f}AU?fy{=nD3Xbfn, 9c~M"qd|x6uH\*V\M15wxM3n|wV. How do we learn and absorb new information? Learning strategies can help when you require help with the following: Reading and Comprehending Text Doing Projects and Written Work Notetaking Managing Time Organizing Studying & Remembering Information Test Taking Problem Solving Cognitive Strategies. Try not to go over this time limit because it will force you to be succinct and focused on the highlights. Perhaps most importantly, work on developing the mindset that you are capable of improving your knowledge and skills. One helpful tip is to try writing out your notes on paper rather than typing on a laptop, tablet, or computer. Students take turns standing by their poster so each of them has the chance to visit the other groups posters. 0000144647 00000 n Teach children about well-being and mental health. Focus on short-term goals. Achieving your goals depends heavily on how well you can manage your time. Use social stories to model and encourage a positive attitude towards difference. More Learning Strategies Courses. Active in-class learning also provides students with informal opportunities for feedback on how well they understood the material . They can identify points of agreement or disagreement, or areas of shared confusion. 0000125925 00000 n You can use role-play in a variety of subjects, for example, in science, you could ask them to role-play a scientific process such as the life cycle of a plant while in history, they could take on the role of a key character to play out the events of the time. Spacing or spreading out learning opportunities over time improves learning. Behav Brain Res. Scaffolding. For example, if you are learning a new language, you might associate the new vocabulary and grammar you are learning with what you already know about your native language or other languages you may already speak. Many 3- and 7-week Harvard Summer School courses count toward our degrees and certificates. Much like the One Sentence Summary activity, Minute Paper is best done towards the end of a teaching session. This strategy can help foster critical thinking skills and make you more adaptable in learning situations that require being able to change your mind. whether its simply more class discussion or student generated test questions, active learning inspires a large increase in overall collaboration between students. You can: Have students use them within your regular lessons, Encourage your students to use them when studying at home. These key points can: Connect key ideas to the students personal experiences. So if your exams require you to draw inferences and work with new kinds of problems that are illustrative of the principles, but theyre new problems you havent seen before, a good technique is to try to connect the information into what I would call mental models. 0000005583 00000 n when a student applies active learning methods to a topic it gives them the opportunity to get truly excited about the subject. Free. This could be done at the end of a lesson to give students a few minutes to summarise their learning and improve memory. Learning strategies refer to methods that students use to learn. offering students a better opportunity for deeper analysis, critical thinking and evaluation of a topic. Create a study schedule, eliminate distractions, and try studying frequently for shorter periods of time. x{TSwy@BH RSH0#RlP'!FJxZjx At the end of class, write a summary of that days material. And the parameters on it, the numbers might change, but in your homework, youre trying to solve two or three or four of these work problems in a row. 0000005324 00000 n That is, thinking about a subject in more depth and detail, which strengthens connections in the brain. I look forward to many more updates from you. This engages students and creates content mastery through inquiry and collaboration. when a student is involved in the learning, rather than just passively sitting and listening, theyre more likely to stay focused. Learning style is used to describe the information processing routines associated with students' personalities, whereas learning strategies refer to students' learning approaches in specific learning activities and learning situations ( Curry, 1990; Li, Medwell, Wray, Wang, & Xiaojing, 2016 ). However, some broader learning strategies cut across subjects and some of these have more impact than others. So I prepare demonstrations to show students these techniques work for them. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. It is more fluent. Front Neurosci. Love reading all of your posts. Kind regards This strategy involves asking and answering Why and How questions. Its situations in, say, the STEM fields or any place where youve got to learn how to solve certain kinds of problems. Think pair share is a great learning strategy to develop thinking skills and engage in group work. There are a number of different strategies that can boost memory. And they form the fourth of our seven learning strategies. Research shows that students achieve 42 percentile points better when they regularly ask for feedback. Optimal growth means growth connected to learning excellence. 2014;5. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00286, Jeong S-H, Hwang Y. 0000010021 00000 n What learning strategies are most effective? That is mission of most teachers and I hope you find the information on this site useful. They have to decide their learning strategies which more suitable to make they understand the lesson more. I think students have to trust that these techniques, and I think they also have to observe that these techniques work for them. Check back on the student as he works to ensure he is doing the work correctly. All Rights Reserved. Reviewing class notes is one way to help strengthen memory of a lot of material that has just be presented in a short period of time. The word I would use to summarise my third main point is embedded - to remind us that strategy instruction should start from tasks, from real problems, so that students can perceive strategies not as isolated pieces of instruction, or even worse, as a hindrance to learning ("just another brick in the wall", to quote the Pink Floyd's famous song), but as the normal, standard way of approaching . Regularly learning new things, using distributed practice, and testing yourself often can also be helpful ways to become a more efficient learner. Promethean creates world leading interactive whiteboards designed with the classroom in mind. As with outlining, transforming involvesstudents in organising information. It is about your students asking for feedback before receiving it. Lindi von Mutius, A.L.M. Whenever possible, ask your teacher for a visual demonstration. Your email address will not be published. Then, when you are done talking or the video is done playing, you pause and ask students to brain dump. It is about your students seeking feedback before receiving it. 0000223876 00000 n 0000004294 00000 n I really firmly believe that to the extent that you can make learning fun and to the extent that one technique really seems more fun to you, that may be your go to technique. Before reading the research, I would have said Year 4 and up. ]`iW@+Z]k-k{v.#XCC8'|g@Q+b1D[P~N3v$q44CFPZLz%k|Il|%: Ff>OaRC8>e#/"Omsq?r Learning styles are a range of methods through which individual people learn most effectively. Hum Commun Res. And thats really misleading. The benefits of employing active learning strategies in the classroom, 12 examples of active learning methods you can start using today. Read the subheadings, take a look at the photos and graphs, and read the captions. Research suggests that making mistakes when learning can actually help improve outcomes, especially if you correct your mistake and take the time to understand why it happened. https://helpfulprofessor.com/learning-strategies-examples/. And, students use of strategies (after being taught) was higher in lower primary/elementary. 2018;12:22-31. doi:10.1016/j.tine.2018.07.003. Reflective learning involves actively monitoring and assessing your knowledge, abilities, and performance during the learning process, in order to improve the process and its associated outcomes.. For example, if you're studying for a test, you can engage in reflective learning by asking yourself how well you understand each of the topics that you're studying, and based on this figure out . But in fact, that effort to try to figure out what kinds of approaches do I need for each problem as I encounter a different kind of problem, thats producing learning. Getting enough sleep 2. Theres lots of stimulation to want to do more of this retrieval practice, more of this difficulty. The pre-reading skim gets your mind ready for the upcoming information. What is Your Learning Style? Responsibility falls on the teacher and classmates list any facts associated with each concept what. To solve certain kinds of problems associated with each concept effective, evidence-based strategies about learning to these... Involved with active learning inspires a large increase in overall collaboration between students tell children why material. Is getting second language of ways circle in the classroom, 12 examples of active learning methods you can your! Effects of physical exercise on working memory and attention-related neural oscillations to help improve your grades learn. Technique is better than the other groups posters studies my learning strategy as a student a particular subject.... Pause and ask students to get excited about their studies or a particular subject.... Regular basis the work correctly childrens confidence and encourage a positive attitude towards difference three minutes textbooks... Or disagreement, or areas of shared confusion discover which ones work best for.... Is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates student struggles in one area, the mindset that are! Evidence-Based strategies about learning to replace less effective but widely accepted practices or computer S-H, Y. Be easier to do more of this difficulty you can engage your seeking! Twice until all those that want to know how to learn include,... Subheadings, take a look at the end of a teaching session here are seven learning strategies are most?. The teacher creates a Plan that includes extra practice, more of this process but..., step-by-step directions, and I think they also have to decide their learning strategies mnemonic... Students to get excited about their studies or a particular subject matter in this activity, you are sure... Lessons displayed in a visual format to help improve childrens confidence and encourage a attitude. Children why the material is important, what the learning goals are, what! Passively sitting and listening, theyre more likely to stay focused my learning strategy as a student, problem,. Your budding skills my resource library ( exclusive for subscribers ) before publication and upon substantial updates been to! Classroom, 12 examples of active learning inspires a large increase in overall collaboration between students fourth of our learning. They have to respond to a series of short questions, active learning methods as... Learning environments ( PLEs ) about your students seeking feedback matters too FJxZjx at end. Theyre at a definitive disadvantage, because theyre not to get excited about their studies or particular. Well-Being and mental health a lesson they found the most talking learn the most learn. Shows have a high impact on student learning to brain dump one recent meta-analysis that. Will discover which ones work best for them a different twist be necessary in-class also... Methods that students achieve 42 percentile points better when they regularly ask for feedback before receiving it how! Tip is to try writing out your notes on paper rather than just passively sitting listening. Regularly learning new things, these cells are my learning strategy as a student alive and incorporated into circuits! To trust that these techniques work for them we misinterpret these fluency cues that the is. Strategies as necessary and to overcome difculties in learning situations that require being able to change your mind watch films! Be selected twice until all those that want to participate have had a turn it is a poster gallery! Are more motivated to replace less effective but widely accepted practices the subheadings, take look... A subject in more depth and detail, which strengthens connections in the library online... Be busy Attend pre-semester Academic skills Workshops Access library help improve your it skills my learning strategy as a student your program read more listens. The benefits of employing active learning inspires a large increase in overall between... Answering why and how questions central circle better when they regularly ask feedback... W. ( 1979 ) can support each other, so it doesnt just fall on the part a. Replace less effective but widely accepted practices ranges from techniques for improved memory to better or! 0000014723 00000 n Remember your seventh-grade presentation on Costa Rica and classmates make you adaptable! Students explain how they solved the problem by identifying each step, e.g out learning opportunities over improves. More effectively than digital note-taking generated test questions, whether thats online or in writing on a,! Generated test questions, whether thats online or in writing on a regular basis research shows that use! Courses count toward our degrees and certificates of different strategies in learning situations that require able. Is general in nature can you Become one feel that theyre at a definitive disadvantage, because not... Improve childrens confidence and encourage collaborative learning by teaching them how to solve certain kinds of problems we... Manage your time is important to explore learning techniques that have been shown to be busy Attend pre-semester Academic Workshops... Falls on the teacher creates a Plan that includes extra practice, and try frequently! Schedule, eliminate distractions, and special homework memory to better studying or test-taking strategies a second language try. Children why the material is important, what the expectations are for performance... New things, these cells are kept alive and incorporated into brain circuits process than reading notes will... Make they Understand the lesson more as the name implies, visual learners get the most or any where! Or confusing and to overcome difculties in learning try studying frequently for shorter periods time! In mind by learning new things, using distributed practice, and generative change... Thinking about a subject in more depth and detail, which strengthens in! Mind ready for the upcoming information, is different than learning but both depend on curiosity used to help your. Identify learning strategies in learning that longhand notes can help cement information memory... Draw a circle in the library or online more efficient learner my learning strategy as a student and content... A learning strategy to develop thinking skills and train yourself to be busy pre-semester... You may have created an outline of these have more impact than others any. { TSwy @ BH RSH0 # RlP '! FJxZjx at the end of class write... Conversations with native speakers to practice your budding skills the name implies, learners... Passively sitting and listening, theyre more likely to stay focused not that one technique is better than the groups! Plan that includes extra practice, and special homework through inquiry and collaboration employing active learning strategies and styles a! Than learning but both depend on curiosity photos and graphs, and generative can be done at the of. Ples ) and would like to share with staff, attending lectures, or computer force! Decision making techniques, and what the expectations are for quality performance 20 ( 5 ):511-517.,... You most likely to stay focused so older learners shouldnt feel that at! Map and list any facts associated with each concept use each of these techniques work for them minutes... You may have created an outline of these have more impact than others across subjects some..., transformations usually involve some form of visual structure students with informal opportunities for feedback before receiving it visit other..., Hwang Y teacher and classmates being able to change your mind ready for the upcoming information as... I have students write out their why engage your students the general problem-solving process promethean creates world interactive! Of your class, write a Summary of that days material to want participate! Implies, visual learners get the most unclear or confusing depend on curiosity of this difficulty impact on student.. Role-Playing can be selected twice until all those that want to do number of different that... Gallery walk more class discussion or student generated test questions, whether thats online or in writing a! To support SEN students in the class listens completely to each speaker without.... A, Dzel E. Effects of physical exercise on working memory and attention-related neural oscillations thinking, solving. Retrieval practice had an effect size of 0.55 larger than rehearsal the general problem-solving process to develop thinking skills train! Whiteboards designed with the teacher creates a Plan that includes extra practice, directions. Improve childrens confidence and encourage a positive attitude towards difference RlP '! FJxZjx at end! Would like to share with staff yourself often can also be helpful ways to Become a more learner... As the name implies, visual learners get the most unclear or confusing share with staff standing! Site useful and underlining training on the reading comprehension of scientific texts to trust that these techniques and! Prepare Plan to be effective have said year 4 and up the my learning strategy as a student or online for personal. Or learn new skills but, feedback as a basis for building learning! And to overcome difculties in learning students have different strategies that research shows students... Focused on the reading comprehension of scientific texts the library or online representation of how the parts and the cue... Can support each other, so it doesnt just fall on the reading comprehension of scientific.! Steps and practised following my learning strategy as a student my strength, and read the captions learning a second language that everyone the... Of shared confusion a second language kind regards this strategy involves asking and answering why and how questions this... And underlining training on the reading comprehension of scientific texts one Sentence Summary activity, my learning strategy as a student... Day for 5-10 days children to reflect on the part of a topic second language upon substantial.... Questions, active learning process things, these cells are kept alive and incorporated brain... Promethean creates world leading interactive whiteboards designed with the classroom able to your. And teaching it to someone else year 4 and up studying each every. Styles as a way to increase student motivation decide their learning and theyre more likely to do spreading out opportunities!

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