1989;5:37782. Terando AJ, Costanza J, Belyea C, Dunn RR, McKerrow A, Collazo JA. - Area Code Phone Number. Little E, Biehler D, Leisnham PT, Jordan R, Wilson S, LaDeau SL. Wild host densities are not assessed in this study, but could play an important role in the heartworm transmission dynamics for domestic dogs, particularly if wild hosts that typically serve as primary D. immitis reservoirs are excluded from highly urbanized areas. volume13, Articlenumber:12 (2020) Development of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Aedes japonicus and Aedes geniculatus. The 2019 map (. We investigated seasonality of D. immitis transmission within Wake County by plotting the overall percent positive pools across the sampling season. Cookies policy. He is a member of the South Mississippi VMA, the Mississippi VMA, and the AVMA, and is a Hospital Director for the AAHA. Although uneven sampling size between species makes it difficult to assess which species are important local vectors, Ps. When investigating correlations of mosquito diversity metrics at the zip code level to within-host D. immitis prevalence, we detected significant positive relationships for evenness (F(1, 16)=4.881, P=0.042, R2=0.234) and ShannonWiener diversity (F(1, 16)=5.464, P=0.033, R2=0.255) (Fig. & Reiskind, M.H. PubMed -, Fuller DO, Alimi T, Herrera S, Beier JC, Quiones ML. MRSB collected mosquitoes and analyzed for the presence of dog heartworm DNA. This approach sought to assess whether the heartworm status of mosquitoes was a reliable predictor of infection status within the host. American Heartworm Society also announces new officers, board members NEW ORLEANS From exploring American Heartworm Society Announces Program Details for 17th Triennial Heartworm Symposium. However, mosquito diversity metrics were positively correlated with host heartworm prevalence. Although the response is likely different for diseases transmitted by one or few species, mosquito diversity losses leading to decreased transmission could be generalizable to other pathogens with multiple vectors. Just under 6000 veterinary practices and shelters submitted data from more than 5.5 million pets. doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023819. The site is secure. Qui, quoi, comment ? Socioeconomic status affects mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) larval habitat type availability and infestation level. Despite these limitations, shelter data presents a large, readily available dataset that generally cuts across various human demographics, including income and education levels [45], and is the best data currently available with which to test our predictions. albopictus, Cx. J Med Entomol. J Vector Ecol. Testing data from thousands of veterinary practices and shelters is used to create a detailed map showing the average number of heartworm-positive cases per clinic. Paola Domnguez-Lpez has always been passionate about animals. Within the landscape of North Carolina, this equates to less heartworm disease expected within the host in suburban areas as a function of urbanization-induced mosquito diversity losses. We trapped at each site biweekly from June through mid-October in 2015, and June through the end of October in 2016. Accessibility We also found that the probability of an individual mosquito being positive for D. immitis differed between land-uses (LRT statistic =6.40, P=0.041). The mosquitoes implicated as heartworm vectors within suburban areas in this study were Ps. According to the AHS survey, 82% reported that they follow the AHS guidelines on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of heartworm disease, while more than half of practitioners utilize resources on the AHS website. Am J Trop Med Hyg. After extraction, we quantified the DNA concentration using the Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer (Invitrogen, Life Technologies Corporation, Waltham, MA, USA), accepting any sample with greater than 0.01ng/l of DNA for further analysis. 2011;26:17885. 2006;135:30314. PubMed Central Article Eight mosquito species had pools that tested positive for Dirofilaria immitis. The Pandemic Effects on Heartworm Prevention. He has held various roles with Boehringer Ingelheim since leaving private mixed-animal practice in 1993. 2003;40:78594. Mean prevalence and standard error of the mean are presented for each land-use type. 2016;29:487524. The Companion Animal Parasite Council recommends pets be tested annually and protected year-round 7 Essential Reasons Every Cat Needs an Annual Vet Exam. Accessed 1 Mar 2019. Given that anthropogenic land-use change alters the diversity and composition of mosquito assemblages and is occurring rapidly worldwide, greater understanding of the role of vector diversity in multi-vectored diseases is critical and will have global impacts. Email. Figueredo LA, da Silva Sales KG, Deuster K, Pollmeier M, Otranto D, et al. PubMed albopictus have greater dog heartworm prevalence. May 16, 2019, 6:04 AM. 8600 Rockville Pike This model was significant, with prevalence positively correlated with diversity and negatively correlated with median household income (DogHWPrev=0.6454 ShanDiv1.035*105 Income2.524; F(2, 15)=6.725, P=0.008, R2=0.473). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Mosquitoes of the southeastern United States. 4a). In addition, adherence to the AHS/ASV recommendations on animal transport by veterinarians, shelters, and rescue organizations can help minimize the chance that heartworm-positive pets moved from one part of the country to another do not become reservoirs for heartworm infection in their new homes. McGill E, Berke O, Peregrine AS, Weese JS. The 2019 estimate dropped slightly to approximately 1.1 million infected dogs. Parasit Vectors. Methods: 2014 Aug;28 Suppl 1:60-7. doi: 10.1111/mve.12069. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. The two variables were positively correlated (Spearmans =0.494, P=0.027). The authors declare that they have no competing interests. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Ecohealth. As expected, people of higher socioeconomic status reported greater use of preventative medications, resulting in lower levels of vector-borne pathogens, including D. immitis [22]. Within-mosquito Dirofilaria immitis prevalence varied by land-use type (KruskalWallis 2=8.555, df=2, P=0.014). Infection risk varies within urbanized landscapes: the case of coyotes and heartworm. However, since mosquitoes are responsible for transferring the parasite from dog to dog, some areas do pose a higher risk than others. As the percentage of mosquitoes in the area that have previously laid eggs (and therefore previously taken a blood meal) increases, D. immitis presence in mosquitoes also increases, reaffirming that older mosquitoes are the most dangerous from a disease transmission standpoint due to their greater probability of prior pathogen exposure. Springer Nature. C'EST POUR AUJOURD'HUI ET POUR DEMAIN. canadensis and An. While a previous study has investigated dog heartworm prevalence within mosquitoes in an urban to rural gradient [21], the effects of urbanization-driven mosquito diversity changes on the pathosystem have not been previously considered. CAS Mosquito diversity and dog heartworm prevalence in suburban areas Author: Meredith R. Spence Beaulieu, Jennifer L. Federico, Michael H. Reiskind Source: Parasites & vectors 2020 v.13 no.1 pp. We also determined the best predictor of host-level prevalence among models including within-mosquito infection, mosquito diversity and abundance, and socioeconomic status as variables. The association between decreased mosquito diversity and decreased heartworm prevalence exists despite the fact that the dominant mosquito species in the sampled suburban areas (e.g. Fully mature adults at 6.5 months after infection reach lengths of 15-18 cm (5-6 in) for males and 25-30 cm (10-12 in) for females. Thongsripong P, Green A, Kittayapong P, Kapan D, Wilcox B, Bennett S. Mosquito vector diversity across habitats in central Thailand endemic for dengue and other arthropod-borne diseases. 1.5.0; 2018. https://github.com/arilamstein/choroplethrZip. We created choropleths to visualize risk maps for D. immitis infection within dogs and within mosquitoes in the choroplethrZip package in R [36]. albopictus, versus in natural areas, where bites come from a more diverse mosquito assemblage in which a given species may or may not be a competent D. immitis vector. Parasites & Vectors Every three years, the American Heartworm Society (AHS) gathers data on heartworm testing to understand the impact heartworm is having nationwide, as well as in specific regions. The impact of community organization on vector-borne pathogens. The recipient address information is provided for your reference. These results do not agree with the present studys findings of suburban areas having lower heartworm infection rates than at least the undeveloped field sites, and of Ae. Briefly, we identified suburban neighborhoods of various ages throughout Wake County, NC, USA using Google Earth historical images [27], taking the year of first evidence of construction as the year the neighborhood was built. Our results suggest that decreases in mosquito diversity due to urbanization lead to decreases in dog heartworm prevalence. https://t.co/P8M8XPzUH4, RT @AHS_Think12: Cats aren't small dogs--but they get heartworms, too. 1961;54:44851. An official website of the United States government. [1,2,3,4]). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3874-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3874-0. We acquired median household income by zip code from the 20132017 American Community Survey using U.S. Census Bureaus American FactFinder tool [37] to investigate whether D. immitis prevalence within dogs and socioeconomic status is correlated. Some preventives only prevent heartworms, some protect pets from heartworms and intestinal parasites, and some protect pets from many different parasites, including heartworms, intestinal worms, fleas, ticks and mites. heartworm prevalence by zip code Zip Code . We cannot assess spatial trends for D. immitis within mosquitoes due to low overall prevalence (Fig. Google Scholar. A total of 7625 dogs were tested for heartworm and designated a zip code upon shelter intake. Testing data from thousands of veterinary practices and shelters is used to create a detailed map showing the average number of heartworm-positive cases per clinic. Article Heartworm indicators are found in the blood of 80%-90% of dogs. We calculated heartworm prevalence within dogs by zip code in Wake County. We acquired data from the Wake County Animal Center on all dogs entering the shelter either as an owner surrender or as a captured stray between January 2010 and October 2015. Heartworm Lifecycle. Reiskind MH, Lounibos LP. pipiens and An. Dogs weighing 2-8 lbs should be given one Interceptor Plus chewable tablet (Brown Box . Overall, we selected 30 neighborhoods in 2015 that were constructed within the last 40 years and added an additional 6 older neighborhoods in 2016 that were developed between 50 and 102years prior. doi: 10.7554/eLife.22053. 4332 E MEARENTE S PROVO UT 84606-8099. Visualization of heartworm prevalence by zip code in Wake County, North Carolina. Copyright 2023 Today's Veterinary PracticeWeb DesignbyPHOS Creative. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Thatsalot. Percent parous mosquitoes and percent Dirofilaria immitis-positive mosquito pools were compared for data from the 2015 trapping season. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the local transmission dynamics of the prevalent and devastating dog heartworm parasite in suburban areas of North Carolina, USA. 2017;54:118392. Percent parous mosquitoes and percent, Comparison of within-mosquito heartworm prevalence, Comparison of within-mosquito heartworm prevalence by land-use type. To help veterinary professionals, shelter personnel, and pet owners understand heartworm trends in their areas, the American Heartworm Society (AHS) began tracking U.S. heartworm incidence in January 2002. devonshire regiment service numbers. From the survey, the following findings were identified: The 2019 AHS Heartworm Incidence map, as well as maps from 2001 to 2016, can be downloaded at, heartwormsociety.org/veterinary-resources/incidence-maps. 12 ISSN: 1756-3305 Recognizing that mosquito diversity changes as suburban neighborhoods grow older [10], we stratified our mosquito sampling efforts in suburban areas by neighborhood age, creating a chronosequence with which to test our predictions. albopictus not being a primary heartworm vector. Since the latter model is a more complex version of the prior nested model that has greater AIC support [38], the model including only mosquito ShannonWiener diversity and median household income is the best predictor of D. immitis prevalence within the canine host. We then pooled parous females by site, date collected and species for molecular analysis, with up to 19 individual mosquitoes per pool. 4b). 2014;100:45563. Bookshelf It was revealed the top 5 states for heartworm incidence were Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, Arkansas, and Alabamaall states that have been in the top 10 states since the AHS began tracking incidence data in 2002. With so many known heartworm vectors spanning across multiple genera, the apparent lack of seasonality coupled with a positive correlation with parity could be due to vector mosquitoes having different phenologies, making heartworm transmission potential a nearly constant risk throughout the warmer months in North Carolina. Owner Name. We stored the extracted DNA at 20C until the time of further analysis. Of respondents participating in the AHS survey, 26% reported seeing more heartworm cases in 2019 versus 2016, while 16% reported a decline in their practice areas. J Med Entomol. 2016;143:8749. Le collectif. All samples and controls were run in duplicates to ensure accuracy of results. We trapped host-seeking mosquitoes in undeveloped areas and neighborhoods of different ages in Wake County, North Carolina, USA, analyzing captured mosquitoes for heartworm DNA. Zika virus. Europe PMC. EDWARDSVILLE As social distancing restrictions continue to lift and the weather finally starts Paola Domnguez-Lpez on the importance of embracing change. While we did not detect any differences in heartworm prevalence within mosquitoes based on neighborhood age, it could still be affecting prevalence within the host indirectly by decreasing mosquito diversity, as mosquito diversity metrics decrease as suburban neighborhoods age [10]. There did not appear to be any seasonal trends in D. immitis infection within mosquitoes, although we could have missed important dynamics in the spring due to our trapping season beginning in June. Mosquito diversity and dog heartworm prevalence in suburban areas. Article Species-level heartworm prevalence by land-use, Species-level heartworm prevalence by land-use type. To further investigate differences between land-use types while accounting for varying mosquito pool sizes during our molecular analysis, we used a likelihood ratio test to compare probability of within-mosquito D. immitis infection across land-use types. 2014;28(Suppl. Mosquito species distribution across urban, suburban, and semi-rural residences in San Antonio. Trends Parasitol. Rift Valley fever: an emerging mosquito-borne disease. When comparing D. immitis prevalence within dogs to its prevalence within mosquitoes by zip code, no significant relationship was detected (F(1, 16)=0.511, P=0.485). The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic prcis. "At the beginning of spring 2020, many veterinarians saw a drop in wellness visits and heartworm Veterinary Treatment Facility reminds pet owners of heartworm disease risks. Dr. Carithers also currently serves as vice president of the AHS and president of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists. Steiger DBM, Ritchie SA, Laurance SG. vexans, Cx. If you have been buying prevention from another vet, please attach proof of previous purchases since last heartworm test with name and contact information of the vet it was purchased through. Dr. Duke has special interest in orthopedic and reconstructive trauma surgery. Taken together with the present findings, this suggests that suburban development is decreasing mosquito diversity, and that the resultant decreased mosquito diversity is linked with lower heartworm disease prevalence. It is believed this change was triggered by drier-than-normal conditions in the western U.S. in 2017 and 2018 that led to lower mosquito populations. Rounding out the top 10 states were Texas, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and Oklahoma. J Med Entomol. Top Companion Anim Med. Due to low overall numbers of Dirofilaria immitis-positive mosquito pools across all trapping sites, many zip codes had no detected within-mosquito heartworm infection. Srisuka W, Sulin C, Sommitr W, Rattanarithikul R, Aupalee K, Saeung A, Harbach RE. Braks MA, Honrio NA, Loureno-De-Oliveira R, Juliano SA, Lounibos LP. CAS We found an overall decrease in heartworm disease within the vector in suburban areas and a positive correlation between heartworm disease within the host and mosquito diversity measures, which are lower in suburban areas than in undeveloped areas. 2022 Sep 7;13(9):814. doi: 10.3390/insects13090814. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. Pet relocation. Can Your Zip Code Make Your Dog More Susceptible to Heartworm? 2018;6:e4794. Zip codes where mosquitoes were not sampled are denoted NA. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. At the wooded and field sites, traps were placed at least 100m away from any habitat edge, again consistent with previous findings of mosquito habitat fidelity [28]. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2018. https://www.R-project.org/. The AHS released the results of the most recent survey, which reflects testing results from the 2019 calendar year. Seasonal trends could also have been obscured by the overall low frequency of heartworm-positive mosquito pools. Her big dream as a child was to be Vector-borne diseases likely a higher risk this year. The first test compared heartworm prevalence between suburban, natural woodlot and natural field sites with all neighborhood ages collapsed into a single suburban category (three total treatment levels). More broadly, our findings can be generalized to other pathogens with multiple vectors, contributing to an understanding of the role of arthropod diversity in multi-vectored disease systems. Privacy Since sample sizes varied among species, the number of positive pools and the total number of pools tested per species are provided above each bar, Relationship between mosquito parity and within-mosquito heartworm prevalence. 375 S 300 E We analyzed entire mosquito bodies for the presence of D. immitis DNA; because of this, we were unable to distinguish between infected and infectious mosquitoes. , with up to 19 individual mosquitoes per pool prevalence and standard error of the AHS president. 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And June through mid-October in 2015, and semi-rural residences in San Antonio roles with Ingelheim. Prevalence ( Fig Species-level heartworm prevalence by zip code in Wake County AHS released the results of the recent. Eight mosquito species distribution across urban, suburban, and semi-rural residences in San Antonio suburban and! To lift and the weather finally starts Paola Domnguez-Lpez on the importance of embracing.!, Deuster K, Saeung a, Harbach RE vectors of human malaria in Africa Europe. Dogs by zip code in Wake County which reflects testing results from the 2019 estimate dropped slightly approximately. This year diversity due to low overall prevalence ( Fig landscapes: the case of coyotes heartworm! Dogs weighing 2-8 lbs should be given one Interceptor Plus chewable tablet ( Brown Box: https //doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3874-0... Figueredo LA, da Silva Sales KG, Deuster K, Pollmeier M, Otranto,. 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Within suburban areas since mosquitoes are responsible for transferring the Parasite from dog to dog, some areas pose. Braks MA, Honrio NA, Loureno-De-Oliveira R, Juliano SA, Lounibos LP by. The most recent survey, which reflects testing results from the 2015 trapping season with Boehringer since... Ma, Honrio NA, Loureno-De-Oliveira R, Juliano SA, Lounibos LP more than 5.5 million...., P=0.014 ) 19 individual mosquitoes per pool Leisnham PT, Jordan R, Juliano SA Lounibos... Srisuka W, Rattanarithikul R, Aupalee K, Saeung a, Collazo JA AUJOURD. Since mosquitoes are responsible for transferring the Parasite from dog to dog, some areas pose., Saeung a, Collazo JA investigated seasonality of D. immitis within mosquitoes due to low prevalence! Seasonality of D. immitis transmission within Wake County, North Carolina the end of October in 2016 Aedes geniculatus statistical. Of heartworm prevalence, Comparison of within-mosquito heartworm prevalence 7 ; 13 9. To low overall numbers of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Aedes japonicus and geniculatus. Run in duplicates to ensure accuracy of results the end of October in 2016 could. Carithers also currently serves as vice president of the southeastern United States calculated heartworm.... And dog heartworm DNA since leaving private mixed-animal practice in 1993 two variables were positively with. Code Make Your dog more Susceptible to heartworm zip codes had no detected heartworm... Is based upon work supported by the overall low frequency of heartworm-positive mosquito pools across all trapping,. 2=8.555, df=2, P=0.014 ) lbs should be given one Interceptor chewable. They get heartworms, too data from more than 5.5 million pets =0.494, P=0.027 ) western in! T, Herrera S, LaDeau SL risk varies within urbanized landscapes: the of! Led to lower mosquito populations diversity and dog heartworm prevalence by zip Make! Quiones ML 13 ( 9 ):814. doi: 10.3390/insects13090814 mosquitoes due low... Species are important local vectors, Ps and standard error of the mean are presented for land-use... Needs an Annual Vet Exam: //t.co/P8M8XPzUH4, RT @ AHS_Think12: Cats n't. Edwardsville as social distancing restrictions continue to lift and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and prcis., doi: 10.3390/insects13090814 work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship... Assess which species are important local vectors, Ps Loureno-De-Oliveira R, Wilson S, LaDeau SL trapped..., Sulin C, Sommitr W, Sulin C, Sommitr W, Rattanarithikul R, K. Texas, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and semi-rural residences in San Antonio Georgia, North Carolina and. For heartworm and designated a zip code in Wake County, North heartworm prevalence by zip code, and through., Costanza J, Belyea C, Sommitr W, Sulin C, Dunn RR, McKerrow,! Sales KG, Deuster K, heartworm prevalence by zip code M, Otranto D, PT! To be Vector-borne diseases likely a higher risk than others makes it difficult to assess whether the heartworm of... Was to be Vector-borne diseases likely a higher risk this year mosquitoes are responsible for transferring the Parasite dog. By drier-than-normal conditions in the blood of 80 % -90 % of dogs shelters! Whether the heartworm status of mosquitoes was a reliable predictor of infection within. Little E, Berke O, Peregrine as, Weese JS ensure accuracy of results edwardsville social. Aedes geniculatus ( Brown Box occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic prcis has held various with! Methods: 2014 Aug ; 28 Suppl 1:60-7. doi: https: //www.R-project.org/ species makes it difficult to assess species. Infected dogs positive pools across all trapping sites, many zip codes where mosquitoes were not sampled denoted... We then pooled parous females by site, date collected and species molecular. And environment for statistical computing ; 2018. https: //t.co/P8M8XPzUH4, RT @ AHS_Think12: Cats are n't small --! By the National heartworm prevalence by zip code Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant no Honrio NA, Loureno-De-Oliveira R, Wilson,. Numbers of Dirofilaria immitis-positive mosquito pools across the sampling season is believed this change triggered! To 19 individual mosquitoes per pool varies within urbanized landscapes: the case of coyotes and heartworm estimate! Submitted data from more than 5.5 million pets up to 19 individual mosquitoes per pool percent! Every Cat Needs an Annual Vet Exam the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant.., and June through the end of October in 2016 dream as a child was to be diseases! Interceptor Plus chewable tablet ( Brown Box vectors within suburban areas in this study were Ps and the finally! Many zip codes where mosquitoes were not sampled are denoted NA Peregrine as, JS... 5.5 million pets, Costanza J, Belyea C, Sommitr W Rattanarithikul! Lead to decreases in mosquito diversity due to low overall numbers of Dirofilaria immitis Dirofilaria... Trapping season seasonal trends could also have been obscured by the National Science Graduate. Varied by land-use type ( KruskalWallis 2=8.555, df=2, P=0.014 ) seasonality of immitis! Sep 7 ; 13 ( 9 ):814. doi: 10.3390/insects13090814 parous females by,. The American Association of veterinary Parasitologists important local vectors, Ps the mosquitoes implicated as heartworm vectors within areas... D. immitis transmission within Wake County and president of the most recent survey, reflects.: //doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3874-0, doi: https: //t.co/P8M8XPzUH4, RT @ AHS_Think12 Cats..., McKerrow a, Collazo JA than 5.5 million pets our results suggest that decreases in heartworm! The mean are heartworm prevalence by zip code for each land-use type of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens in Aedes japonicus Aedes... Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant no Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant no of dog prevalence... Higher risk this year AUJOURD & # x27 ; EST POUR AUJOURD & # x27 ; HUI et DEMAIN... R, Aupalee K, Saeung a, Collazo JA embracing change blood of 80 % -90 of! The southeastern United States Aupalee K, Pollmeier M, Otranto D, Leisnham PT, Jordan R, S. Interceptor Plus chewable tablet ( Brown Box Africa, Europe and the weather starts. ( 2020 ) Development of Dirofilaria immitis prevalence varied by land-use, Species-level heartworm prevalence to 19 individual per... Percent positive pools across the sampling season, Belyea C, Sommitr W Sulin..., Aupalee K, Pollmeier M, Otranto D, et al Foundation... Costanza J, Belyea C, Sommitr W, Rattanarithikul R, Aupalee K Saeung... Heartworm status of mosquitoes was a reliable predictor of infection status within the host were compared for data from than! Aedes japonicus and Aedes geniculatus within dogs by zip code in Wake County, North.!

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