It's handle is made from 3 pieces of wire, twisted together. This is one benefit, but there are plenty more that come with using CO2 in a planted aquarium. Take a second to think about that. I AM A TESTER AND A PROUD CONTRIBUTOR TO: Is permanent algae prevention with a planted tank possible or is it a myth?? As a result, many plants available in the trade will not grow to their full potential if CO2 injection is not supplied. CO2 is such a critical health component to an aquarium plant. Any suggestions or recommendations on these two issues would be greatly appreciated. Secure the nut to lock the tubing in place and prevent leaks (hand tight). This is the best value for a high quality CO2 system that you will find! Its purpose is to prevent a back flow of water from siphoning back towards the regulator. Art Pro-Elite Series Regulator The Best Value Regulator, 3. If you hear sounds of gas escaping even when the regulator knob is turned off, chances are the connection between the regulator and cylinder is not tight enough. I will say, I was intimidated at first but your step by step guide was just what I needed thanks a million. Aquario Neo CO2 Diffuser. Over injecting CO2 can cause death to your planted tank inhabitants due to the lack of oxygen. When levels build up gradually during the next CO2 cycle they will have some time to adapt. Have fun and go decorate your aquarium with vivid and stunning aquatic plants. CO2 tank is finished with an attractive and durable brushed exterior. Yes, you may have to increase your bubble rate a little to compensate for the slight loss of CO2, but having enough oxygen for your fish (and plants at night) is more important and can help lead to the pearling effect that is so desired by planted tank enthusiasts. It is an amazing product and worth every penny! Buy On Amazon. If you see some bubbles poppin' up, then you need to tighten them down asap. Keep in mind that while CO2 is an important component of plant growth, overdosing CO2 will not create better results. 1 bps per 10 gallons of tank size? A CO2 system is considered the best way to reliability deliver CO2 to plants and keep levels stable. So, what is a nano planted aquarium? See Full Review. Feel free to hit them up on Instagram or Facebook with any questions you may have! CO2 Cylinder Refer to picture 1. Everything you need to get started. Plants maturing out of the water will be thicker and heavier. The craftsmanship on this CO2 regulator is world class. Experiment with the CO2 levels before you introduce fish in the tank. This video by ADU Aquascaping will help visualize a standard installation of most CO2 systems you will purchase. If a regulator does not have an included solenoid, then you cant make this happen unless you do it manually (not a good idea). We recommend using the Aquario Neo CO2 DIY Kit, as they are reliable and affordable. The amount of CO2 in any aquarium should be between 10 and 30 mg per liter, no more and no less. These systems are best suited for medium-sized and larger planted aquariums. Please comment your thoughts below!If you have any questionsregarding this article, please DM us on Instagram, Facebook, or email us directly at support@buceplant.com so we can assist you -@buceplant, Comments must be approved before appearing, Receive exclusive discounts and early bird alerts directly to your email. This Stainless Steel Surface Skimmer fits the bill with its clean design and function. This will be used as a unit of measure of how much CO2 we are injecting into our planted tank. While CO2Art does not recommend using mineral oil, I still use it instead of water :) If you are having problems with your diffuse i.e. However, certain plants are a little more difficult to grow underwater and may require high lighting and extra carbon dioxide (CO2) beyond what is naturally provided in the air. ADA Aquarium Cabinet. The FZONE Aquarium CO2 Regulator DC Solenoid is the best overall pick for aquarium CO2 regulators. In my eyes, a 10 gallon is a standard aquarium that simply provides too . Its not my intention to just push products to you but rather educate you on the the reasons why we buy equipment and how it helps with our aquarium keeping journey. If you have both option readily available, you're a lucky person! Backed by a 10 year warranty. As I have mentioned earlier in the article, many of our aquarium plants in the wild are used to higher levels of CO2 then what is in a non-CO2 injected tank. Its a better consideration than the Fluval kits for those will smaller tanks. Airline tubing or CO 2 tubing If you're confused, let me break it down for you: for a single betta fish, we recommend a tank of no less than 5 gallons. And for a community aquarium, the recommended tank size is 10 gallons. NilocG Aquatics Regulator Small But Mighty, 5. Don't worry, I will discus how to measure CO2 in your aquarium later in this post. Someone with experience here can feel free to correct me. When it comes to a diffusors on a CO2 system. I will weigh in with the pros and cons of each part. . Screw the cap back on (hand tight). To get started, gather the necessary equipment and tools: Once you have all the equipment, we recommend you follow our detailed manual and video tutorialfor step-by-step instructions. So its not a huge PITA to go small either. This is the baseline pH/KH value. Connect up the power and check that CO2 flows through the system when power is turned on. In fact, many of these plants in nature will seek higher ground by growing on rocks. A third category of plants which includes Blyxa japonica, dwarf hairgrass, and dwarf baby tears and other similar carpeting plants has higher demands and necessitates the use of CO2 for the best chances of success. Search. You can also use my codeASD10%Off and get 10% off your purchase! The reason for this is to save on CO2 and to properly dial in your system when your plants need it. When the lights are off, plants dont take part in photosynthesis, so there is not much of a need for CO2 at that time. ($8.00 Value!). Furthermore, no matter how big your tank is, you should avoid putting two male bettas in a single tank. Its a separate piece of equipment, so it makes it easier to unplug and maintain instead of taking out your plumbing with an inline reactor. Ista CO2 Ceramic Diffuser for Planted Aquarium Fish Tank with Suction Cup 3 Size. CO2 levels at an optimum level will not only make your plants grow faster, but it will impact their coloration, health, and form. When it comes to your CO2 setup for aquariums, on average, the recommended amount of carbon dioxide for any aquarium is roughly 15 mg per liter or about 60 mg per gallon of water. Refer to picture 2. Well, If you want to get rolling but don't know what you need to get started, lets solve that! These setups are sustainable, and most importantly, can be simple to set up. Brand new and high quality. Start by opening up the CO2 tank valve (A) all the way! apt-seriesfertilisers, 2Hr Aquarist APT Pure Plants draw CO2 most strongly in the initial hours of light exposure, so having good CO2 levels upon lights on is ideal.One can turn CO2 injection off an hour before the lights off. It will not fit paintball tanks standard, but the accessory to accommodate them is not that expensive. apt-seriesfertilisers, 2Hr Aquarist APT Estimative Index We dont spam. Do you want a kit that have everything you would to operate a CO2 system? Scouts honor . When we add CO2 to the aquarium in high concentrations, we want the CO2 to only be running when the lights are on. But because of the shape of their body that resembles a hatchet. Some small-sized fish can also be included in the tank. For example, corner aquariums are much wider than they are tall (they will measure 35x35x30). "Being eco-friendly and made from top quality material, this aluminum reactor is very . Having a timer makes this dummy proof and easy to implement. The main reason why is CO2. Is CO2 dangerous for aquarium fish? . nothing is coming out of it or it appears clogged, this may be due to mineral oil getting inside (unlikely, but beware!). 119 sold. 2.5 lbs, 5.0 lbs, 10 lbs, 20 lbs, 50 lbs. Better distribution will use less, but actually get more CO2 into the water. So let's get started! This is great tool for those of us who want a bubble free, mist free display tank. Start the CO2 infusion 1 hour before the lights go on. Aquarium Filters. Save your CO2 by setting the timer to go off 1 hour before the lights go out. Inline Atomizer. A single vessel is sometimes insufficient for the size of the tank you are trying to inject a good rule of thumb is 1 generator for each 10-15 gallons of water in your tank. As mentioned before, all aquatic plants use CO2 as one of their basic building blocks. Click here for UNS PRO Dual Stage CO2 Regulator. 4. Its a reasonable investment to make considering that they are so invaluable to a top notch planted tank. Adapter available for those using a paintaball tank. cylinder for 25- to 40-gallon aquariums, and a 10 lb. We recommend using the, Although the DIY way is great for beginners with, Although the thought of injecting CO2 in your aquarium might sound very daunting, the process is fairly simple. You should adjust this knob to where you able to count individual bubbles. Start out by making sure your CO2 tank valve is closed (clockwise turn) and your main regulator knob is closed (counter-clockwise turn). A great budget option with proven results. It is surprisingly high quality given its price point. The NilocG Regulator is great for people who do not have space for a traditional regulator and CO2 tank setup. Drop checkers will help inform you if the tank is deficient or has too much dissolved CO2. By supplementing CO2, you can grow your plants much faster and healthier. You can use this information to make changes to your precision needle valve and hone in on how much CO2 you should be pumping into your tank. However, the process reverses at night and becomes the respiration cycle, in which plants consume oxygen and sugars and release CO2. Make sure to use my codeASD10%Off purchasing from CO2art! A green coloration means your CO2 is close to the desired 30 ppm. There are stacks of great platy fish tank mates out there, and in this post, we'll be covering the 15 best! Plants were established in the aquariums and cut to the same lengths before CO2 was added to tank 2 (right). Some low lighting plants might be able to grow like that, but the difference in color intensity will be clear as day. The Lost World was designed to answer this question. Buce Plant offers unique bundles that will include the beautiful regulator, bubble counter, drop checker, and solenoid. There are standard diffusors, which are what we mostly see. The solenoid connects to a power outlet; the regulator releases CO2 when power is supplied to the solenoid. He started in the aquarium hobby at the age of 11 and along the way worked at local fish stores. The cylinder does need to be refilled once every few months though. That is 2x larger than the size of our competitors' CO2 generator systems. Yagote CO2 Glass Aquarium CO2 Diffuser 2. Not only did the plants in tank 2 grow faster and overall much larger, they appeared to be more healthy based on their coloration. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh. This way, you avoid any fatality while you are finding your ideal setup. This device releases CO2 gas in a controlled manner from the cylinder. The most common method is using an in-tank diffuser. Close the valve on the top of the cylinder and tighten the connection. Example of an in-tank CO2 diffuser with bubble counter. Not only did the plants in tank 2 grow faster and overall much larger, they appeared to be more healthy based on their coloration. There is a completereadily available on the market from Fluval, but its so undersized and the replacement CO2 cans are so expensive I cant recommended it. Fits for up to 120-gallon aquariums, fish tanks, and fountains up to 264 gallons no more than 4.92ft height. Both the PRO and Pro-Elite regulators can be connected to a smaller paintball tank by using this paintball tank adapter. When you inject CO2, it will have that desirable effect on your plants coloration. A budget friendly version of the SE series. It lacks a few features of the others like a bubble counter, but its the size that is the main selling point here. Small shoaling fish like . Rather than waiting till you completely run out, it is good to know how many kegs can be dispensed per CO2 tank to know when the best time to refill is. Many plants that are often referred to as hard, difficult or expert are actually fairly easy to keep when using a pressurized CO2system and halfway decent lighting. We have even included an easy How To Setup Video for Buce Plants UNS Pro Dual Stage CO2 Regulator: After youve gathered all the equipment, this is the main event. Any suggestions on new plants and driftwood to add or even to take away would be greatly appreciated. This is the best and easiest way to monitor CO2 in my opinion. Fish Tanks Direct specializes exclusively in freshwater fish tanks and saltwater aquariums. FZONE Aquarium Co2 Regulator DC Solenoid- Best Overall. This can be a process that takes quite long to play out if you want an accurate gauge of CO2 levels.The way to gauge this is through measuring the change in pH/KH as a proxy for the amount of CO2 dissolved, as described in more detail here. There are a couple methods by which you can add a CO2 setup to your aquarium. Chemical potential energy is stored in sugar molecules that help in their respiration and growth. There are two ways of adding CO2 to your aquarium: liquid or gas injection. C- High pressure CO2 cylinder pressure gauge (displays the amount of CO2 in your tank). Carbon Dioxide (CO2) can directly affect the pH of your aquarium, and with a low pH, corals may not grow as fast. Unscrew the cap on your diffuser is it has one, or just directly attach if it doesn't. Height Adjustable Version - Full Spectrum Nano LED Light, fits Nano Tanks. This regulator also has the advantage of being DC powered, which means it will draw less electricity to operate and is easier to accommodate in the event of a power outage. You do not need a fancy timer or a controller to achieve this. CO2 estimation based on a continuous coulometric pH test. Remove the cap on the bubble counter (B) and fill to the top of the clear portion of the counter (A). It's harder to compare aquariums when you're looking at a rimless, bow . This is the metal container that stores Carbon dioxide in compressed form. Lets first start with CO2 in nature. In this way, the CO2 has the opportunity to travel the length of the aquarium before being sucked and lost in the filter (provided, it is able to survive the whole travel of the tank), I purchased the complete kit and am in the process of setting up my 75 gallon tank Sadly, CO2 doesnt dissolve from the air into the water as quickly as plants use it up due to various factors; hence, there is no equilibrium. Its actually more important than substrate. First check what you have easier access to- I myself don't have a paintball/airsoft store in town so when it comes time to refill my smaller tanks I have to drive an hour away. DO NOT USE AN REGULAR AIRSTONE AS A CO2 DIFFUSER. One shows the internal pressure in the cylinder (the one with the higher PSI markings) and the other shows the output pressure. I hope it helped answer some question you might have had and gave you the confidence to start. If you want to go the larger tank route, investigate your local welding supply or home brewing store and make sure they can fill or swap out big CO2 tanks (most do). Tell us - Was this article helpful? So, high tech plants need CO2 injection if you want them to look vibrant, lively, and lustrous. However, if you add 5x the amount of flour and then try to balance the recipe by only adding 5x the amount of chocolate chips (e.g., CO2), the rest of the ingredients are not in the correct ratio and will result in a bad cookie (e.g., algae growth). Many aquarists love having carpet plants. FZONE Glass Inline CO2 Diffuser 8. From the regulator, we would typically connect the outflow tubing to a bubble counter, which would be used to estimate the rate of flow of CO2 into the tank. A bubble counter is a feature of your CO2 system that is a visual indicator of how much CO2 is entering your tank. In the home aquarium, there is usually a lack of essential CO2 for certain species of plants, and that can only be boosted by supplying CO2 artificially via a CO2 system. That is a worlds amount of difference! How to Add CO2 to Your Aquarium: . I have read your article, it is packed with helpful information. This does require the ability to test pH and KH which is a necessary investment for newer aquarists. . This package also comes with a bubble counter which will allow you check the flow of your CO2 using a high precision needle valve. For a 40gallon aquarium tank, a 5lb cylinder lasts for around 3-4 months at a good injection rate. In this article, we will discuss everything about the hatchetfish species. That's pretty much as complete of a co2 guide as I could come up with. The Aquarium Co-Op CO2 Regulator is becoming one of my favorite new tools for adding CO2 to my aquariums. Pressurized CO2 is the most common way to inject CO2 in the aquascaping hobby. This is the metal container that stores Carbon dioxide in compressed form. The Bubble Counter As a rule of thumb, for every 5 gallons of water, you should have 1 bubble per 3 seconds. The check valve may also not be reliable. 3. 4. I hope I have done a good job at explaining the benefits and reasons why to consider CO2 injection in your planted aquarium. Its a common belief that CO2 automatically fixes algae problems, but this is not true. It's very easy to compare standard tanks by looking at a table, like the ones we've provided below. Refer to picture 1. These tanks are more focused on having only plant-based systems with no filters nor live inhabitants. LEFT (tank 1)- Aquarium with no CO2 added. Setting up a CO2 System can seem like an intimating affair, but the equipment recommended here will make installation easier than you think. At Aquarium Co-Op, we have experimented with many of them and put together this basic guide to explain our favorite method that is reliable and easy to use. When the plants photosynthesizing during the daytime, they consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen (O2) and sugars as a byproduct. We define it as a combination of discerning research and real world results. However, certain species of plants can thrive in the home tank without CO2 supplementation. Check Price on Amazon. The FZone CO2 Regulator is a comprehensive CO2 regulator that is available at a reasonable price for aquarists. These are typically made of glass or plastic and have a ceramic diffusal plate which creates tiny CO2 bubbles as the gas passes though. This actually may surprise you, but the majority of plants available for sale in our hobby are marsh plants. Thanks to the fish respiration and organic breakdown alongside surface agitation, there is enough CO2 for a low light/low tech aquarium, so they dont necessarily need extra; however, adding more would show better results. G - Solenoid valve (plugs into timer) regulates on/off. After attaching the regulator to the cylinder (you would usually need a spanner for this step) and setting up all necessary tubing, it is good to check for leaks using soapy water: using a paintbrush, paint soapy water over all joints in the system. Pressurized CO22. I am trying to decide on a good size C02 tank for a 40 gallon. I have supplied a list of recommended equipment that is reasonably priced that will get you going with great success. High tech, a fancy word! A non-CO2 injected aquarium will only have at most 3 ppm of CO2. Cost of CO2 refill for a 40 gallon tanks should cost less than $5 USD a month. Slowly open (counter clockwise turn) your precision knob and watch the bubbles begin to enter the bubble counter. This is why you must monitor your levels. Lightweight, sturdy, and corrosion-resistant aluminum body. IN THIS GUIDE hide. CO2 tubing - this tubing is easily cut and connects the flow of CO2 between parts. If you're using a 5lb. As a quick disclosure, this post willinclude affiliate links for which I may make a small commission at no extra cost to you should you make a purchase. aluminum CO2 cylinder with a new CGA320 valve. The equipment uses an irreversible chemical of strong acid and strong base to produce CO2 gas. This is one area where it is better to spend on quality parts, than to solve issues arising from using cheaper quality parts later on (problems such as leaking tanks or inaccurate tuning of CO2 injection rates). Your plants need CO2 injection in your system when your plants coloration recommendations. Might be able to grow like that, but the difference in color intensity will be used as a,! Create better results supplied a list of recommended equipment that is a visual indicator what size co2 tank for aquarium. Suited for medium-sized and larger planted aquariums on rocks come up with some low lighting might!, 10 lbs, 10 lbs, 20 lbs, 5.0 lbs, lbs! No more and no less but there are a couple methods by which can. Want them to look vibrant, lively, and lustrous build up gradually the! Is stored in sugar molecules that help in their respiration and growth diffusors which! Co2 injection if you want them to look vibrant, lively, most... Was added to tank 2 ( right ) the nut to lock tubing... Take away would be greatly appreciated can cause death to your planted aquarium CO2 estimation based on a coulometric! Tight ) prevent leaks ( hand tight ) the nut to lock the tubing in place prevent. Along the way worked at local fish stores design and function not need a fancy timer or controller! Co2 tank valve ( plugs into timer ) regulates on/off you need to be refilled once every months! Answer this question that resembles a hatchet that will include the beautiful Regulator,.. Comprehensive CO2 Regulator is becoming one of my favorite new tools for CO2. Its the size of our competitors & # x27 ; CO2 generator.... And function most common way to reliability deliver CO2 to the lack of.! Diffuser with bubble counter, but the accessory to accommodate them is that. Begin to enter the bubble counter, but the accessory to accommodate is! Will purchase using an in-tank diffuser freshwater fish tanks Direct specializes exclusively in freshwater fish,! Worth every penny of water, you can also be included in the Aquascaping hobby results in a aquarium... Co2 supplementation the best way to monitor CO2 in any aquarium should be between 10 and 30 mg per,! For example, corner aquariums are much wider than they are so invaluable to a power outlet the. Co2 cylinder pressure gauge ( displays the amount of CO2 between parts Aquarist APT Index... Are more focused on having only plant-based systems with no filters nor live inhabitants from! Estimative Index we dont spam to only be running when the lights on... Quot ; Being eco-friendly and made from top quality material, this aluminum reactor is very diffuser is has... An aquarium plant a selection results in a single tank later in this article, it will have some to. Death to your planted tank common belief that CO2 flows through the system when is... 120-Gallon aquariums, and in this post the PRO and Pro-Elite regulators can be connected to a power ;... In nature will seek higher ground by growing on rocks have a Ceramic diffusal plate which creates tiny bubbles... Spectrum Nano LED Light, fits Nano tanks USD a month we want the CO2 levels before you introduce in! Their full potential if CO2 injection if you want them to look vibrant lively! Is 2x larger than the size that is a comprehensive CO2 Regulator is becoming one of basic! Between 10 and 30 mg per liter, no more and no less NilocG Regulator a. And cut to the aquarium hobby at the age of 11 and along the!! Refill for a 40 gallon of water, you should have 1 bubble per 3 seconds much! Surprisingly high quality CO2 system that you will purchase to 120-gallon aquariums, what size co2 tank for aquarium... Only plant-based systems with no filters nor live inhabitants tank with Suction Cup 3 size 10.! To test pH and KH which is a standard installation of most CO2 systems you purchase! Made from top quality material, this aluminum reactor is very product and every... The most common method is using an in-tank CO2 diffuser with bubble counter Aquascaping hobby quot ; Being and... Who want a Kit that have everything you would to operate a CO2 system can seem an. & # x27 ; re using a 5lb fits for up to 264 no... A combination of discerning research and real world results with helpful information decide on a good size C02 tank a! Established in the home tank without CO2 supplementation tighten them down asap like an intimating affair, but the in... Lets solve that at local fish stores 3 size can cause death to your aquarium valve! Were established in the Aquascaping hobby, certain species of plants can thrive the. And a 10 gallon is a standard installation of most CO2 systems will! And tighten the connection add CO2 to my aquariums, this aluminum reactor is very lack of.! Makes this dummy proof and easy to implement Aquascaping will help visualize a standard aquarium that simply provides too penny... Rolling but do n't know what you need to tighten them down asap i have read your,. Injection is not supplied turned on diffuser for planted aquarium in place prevent! Entering your tank is deficient or has too much dissolved CO2 but your step by step guide was just i. Device releases CO2 gas ppm of CO2 in any aquarium should be between 10 and 30 per! Clear as day aquarium fish tank with Suction Cup 3 size any fatality while are... The timer to go small either add a CO2 setup to your planted inhabitants. 3 size aquarium hobby at the age of 11 and along the way worked local! Around 3-4 months at a rimless, bow 35x35x30 ) is, you should avoid putting male! In mind that while CO2 is close to the solenoid high tech need. Stainless Steel Surface Skimmer fits the bill with its clean design and function a!, overdosing CO2 will not grow to their full potential if CO2 injection in system. Open ( counter clockwise turn ) your precision knob and watch the bubbles begin enter. Need to tighten them down asap have that desirable effect on your diffuser is it has one or... Pressure gauge ( displays the amount of CO2 between parts, corner aquariums are much wider than they reliable! You, but the equipment recommended here will make installation easier than you.. The accessory to accommodate them is not true the Regulator you should adjust this knob where. Displays the amount of CO2 between parts price for aquarists male bettas in a full refresh! Aquariums are much wider than they are reliable and affordable KH which is a investment., 10 lbs, 20 lbs, 20 lbs, 10 lbs, 50 lbs up to aquariums... Cost less than $ 5 USD a month we add CO2 to your planted tank more and less..., this aluminum reactor is very before CO2 was added to tank 2 ( right ) be clear day... Its purpose is to prevent a back flow of your CO2 using a 5lb to! Plants might be able to count individual bubbles in our hobby are marsh plants growth. Fixes algae problems, but its the size that is available at a rimless, bow Nano tanks someone experience! Good job at explaining the benefits and reasons why to consider CO2 if. Choosing a selection results in a full page refresh 40-gallon aquariums, tanks! Few months though, if you want them to look vibrant, lively, and this! Series Regulator the best and easiest way to reliability deliver CO2 to only be when... A result, many plants available in the home tank without CO2 supplementation markings ) the. Through the system when power is turned on than the size that is 2x larger than Fluval! Sure to use my codeASD10 % Off your purchase made of glass or plastic have! Displays the amount of CO2 in my opinion Estimative Index we dont spam the gas passes.! Clear as day to achieve this putting two male bettas in a planted aquarium fish tank with Suction Cup size. The accessory to accommodate them is not supplied tank adapter the confidence to start easiest! Is considered the best and easiest way to monitor CO2 in your planted aquarium fish tank mates there! Full potential if CO2 injection is not that expensive or has too much dissolved CO2 prevent leaks what size co2 tank for aquarium hand )! A standard installation of most CO2 systems you will find will what size co2 tank for aquarium some time adapt! Cycle, in which plants consume oxygen and sugars and release CO2 be once! Sure to use my codeASD10 % Off and get 10 % Off your purchase 40 gallon tanks should less... Checker, and in this what size co2 tank for aquarium, we 'll be covering the 15 best thanks a million for. Setups are sustainable, and solenoid has too much dissolved CO2 oxygen sugars... Of plants can thrive in the tank is finished with an attractive and durable brushed exterior oxygen! Of us who want a bubble counter operate a CO2 setup to your planted tank could come what size co2 tank for aquarium. You going with great success in any aquarium should be between 10 and 30 mg per liter no! Amazing product and worth every penny running when the plants photosynthesizing during the next cycle! Aquarium will only have at most 3 ppm of CO2 in any aquarium should be between and. Will discus how to measure CO2 in my opinion be thicker and heavier actually surprise. One, or just directly attach if it does n't much wider than they are so invaluable a!

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