Long rods with large sensing volume (> 6 L) are suitable for soils with low to moderate electrical conductivity. Soil moisture percent from six different groups' samples in both the uplands (blue) and the wetlands (red) in the UNE 363-acre parcel. Learn More, 30 cm Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensor, Soil Moisture, Temperature, and EC Sensors, CS655 12 cm Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensor, HS2 HydroSense II Handheld Soil Moisture Sensor, CS658 HydroSense II Water Content Sensor with 20 cm Rods, CS659 Water Content Sensor for HydroSense II with 12 cm Rods, SoilVUE10 TDR Soil Moisture and Temperature Profile Sensor, CS650 30 cm Soil Water Content Reflectometer, CS650 and CS655 Soil Water Content Reflectometer, CS650 and CS655 Water Content Reflectometers, Soil-specific calibration procedure for volumetric water content sensors, CS650 (and related products) EU Declaration of Conformity. {u A molded plastic grip connects the sensor cable to housing to provide better grip. The rugged design of the CS616/CS625 protects the probe electronics from water under these conditions. TDR200 Time-Domain Reflectometer Now Available, TDR200 and PC-TDR Version 3 Available Soon, Volumetric water content (VWC) of porous media (such as soil), soil electrical conductivity (EC), rock mass deformation, Time Response of Combined Pulse Generator & Sampling Circuit, 21.6 x 5.1 x 10.7 cm (8.5 x 2.0 x 4.2 in. For example, the CS650 is slightly more accurate in its permittivity and water content readings, but the CS655 works over a larger range of electrical conductivity. . A CS650 or CS655 can be ordered with an SDI-12 address option of -VS. With the -VS option, the SDI-12 address is set at the factory before the sensor is shipped. This is why a horizontal placement is the recommended orientation of the CS650 or CS655. A considerable number of studies have been conducted on the effects of forests What are the different cable length choices available for Campbell Scientific sensors? The RF emissions are below FCC and EU limits as specified in EN61326 if the CS616 is enabled less than 0.6 ms, and measurements are made less frequently than once a second. One Campbell Scientific data logger can control multiple TDR200 reflectometers. . An integrated GPS tags each measurement with a latitude and longitude. For example, the 034B-ET model designates the sensor as a 034B for an ET107 system. ), Probe Options: 3% typical (Accuracy assumes solution EC of < 4 dS/m when using the CS658P 20-cm probe. WB \ )\pSWpU/uN^^U :z! If you could use a little help deciding which soil water content (soil moisture) sensor is right for you, take a look at the following article:How to Find the Best Soil Water Content Sensor for Your Application. The CS616 uses the time-domain measurement method to measureVWC; a reflectometer (cable tester) such as the TDR200 is notrequired. For example, can they withstand being covered with water, sand, and soil? Interchangeable sensors; can swap the 12 cm and 20 cm sensors with the reader. It has shorter rods than the CS650, for use in problem soils. {u ET models terminate with the connector for an ET107 weather station. Campbell Scientific, Inc.; Logan, UT, USA) placed at 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 m depths. Campbell soil sensor products are key to agricultural research, irrigation scheduling, forestry, watershed studies, leak detection, slope stability, and many other disciplines. The heterogeneous nature and changing bulk density of solid waste, however, make calibration difficult. For this type of station, use theCS655-LCsensor instead, which has a suitable cable connector. % This provides an accurate point measurement of temperature at the depth where that portion of the sensor head is in contact with the soil. For example, the 034B is offered as the 034B-ET, 034B-ETM, 034B-LC, 034B-LQ, and 034B-QD. WB \ )\pSWpU/uN^^U :z! such as those from Campbell Scientific, Inc. (Section 2.2.2). Note: The Device Configuration Utility and A200 Sensor-to-PC Interface are required to upload the included firmware to the sensor. How are the CS650 and the CS655 different? To better understand how soil pH influences microbial activity and nitrogen (N) dynamics in forests, we utilized a set of long-term measurements of surface soil pH, N availability, and microbial biomass and . The output is too fast to be measured on the pulse channel of a 21X or CR7. Three types of Campbell Scientific soil-moisture probes were installed at the Well 981 site. A thermistor in thermal contact with a probe rod near the epoxy surface measures temperature. Learn More. Can the cable for the CS650 or CS655 be shortened? Read More Benefits and Features Low power (half the power of the TDR100) Robust High sensitivity High resolution Low noise Advanced waveform filtering Advanced waveform analysis algorithm Backward compatible with TDR100 systems (CRBasic data loggers only) For soils with finer texture or higher electrical conductivity, Campbell Scientific recommends a soil-specific temperature correction equation. According to the research report published by Polaris Market Research, the Global Soil Moisture Sensors Market Size Is Expected To Reach USD 544.0 Million By 2030., at a CAGR of 14.6% during the forecast period. It features a new handheld display and a new probe design. The HS2 is the handheld display for the new Hydrosense II soil-water sensor. Volumetric water content (VWC) of porous media (such as soil), 2.5% VWC (using standard calibration with bulk EC of 0.5 dS m. Long rods and lower frequency are well-suited for soft soil with low electrical conductivity (< 2 dS/m). Figure 3. If a decision is made to shorten the cable, care should be taken to avoid damaging the cable jacket and exposing bare wire except at the ends that connect to the data logger or multiplexer terminals. ETM models terminate with the connector for an ET107 weather station, but they also include a special system mounting, which is often convenient when purchasing a replacement part. For more information, see the "Water Deficit Data" subsection in the "Operation" section of the HS2 Instruction Manual. The dielectric permittivity of water varies with temperature, which will cause the CS616/CS625 period to decrease with increasing temperature and increase with decreasing temperature. from soil, Export data to CSV to interface with 3rd party software, View zones and measurements in Google Earth, 3% typical (Accuracy assumes solution EC of < 4 dS/m when using the CS658 20-cm probe. It is not a comprehensive list of all compatible or incompatible products. In addition, the CS650 handles a larger measurement volume and provides good accuracy in low EC (electrical conductivity) sand and sandy loam. The SoilVUE10 represents . WB \ )\pSWpU/uN^^U :z! The SoilVUE10 is a soil water content profile sensor powered by Campbell TrueWaveTDR technology. The CS615 probes were 30-cm long and had 2 prongs (Bilskie, 1997). The HS2 produces a CSV file that can be merged into an existing data file used for HydroSense data. In the RQ (RQ w/RAWS Connector) option, the cable terminates in a connector that attaches to a RAWS-P Permanent Remote Automated Weather Station. What would cause an HS2 to display a value greater than 100% RWC (relative water content)? The original HydroSense was not capable of storing data. Because EC is part of the permittivity equation, an EC reading of NAN leads to a permittivity reading of NAN as well. The TDR200 Time-Domain Reflectometer is the core of the Campbell Scientific time-domain reflectometry (TDR) system. For example, the CS650 is slightly more accurate in its permittivity and water content readings, but the CS655 works over a larger range of electrical conductivity. It makes pilot holes into which the rods of the sensors can then be inserted. The batteries are user replaceable. The temperature measurement is not averaged over the length of the sensor rods. The CS610-L, and other three-rod probes sold by Campbell Scientific, are TDR probes that have no electronic components and serve as wave guides for a time-domain reflectometer such as the TDR100. Connect to the HS2 using the HydroSense II Support Software. What is the difference between soil water content probes that have two rods (CS616 and CS625) and those that have three rods (CS610-L)? Campbell Scientific, Inc. We are a leading designer and manufacturer of data loggers, data acquisition systems, and measurement and control products used worldwide in a variety of applications related to weather, water, energy, gas flux and turbulence, infrastructure, and soil. The SoilVUE10 is a soil water content profile sensor powered by Campbell TrueWaveTDR technology. The CS650 consists of two 30-cm-long stainless steel rods connected to a printed circuit board. 1 0 obj An electromagnetic pulse propagates along the rods and is reflected back when the signal reaches the end of the rods. This method consists of the CS616 generating an electromagneticpulse. The CS616 has a faster period output than the CS615-L, so it does not work with the 21X dataloggers. ), 3% typical (Accuracy assumes solution EC of < 6.5 dS/m when using the CS659 12-cm probe. Soil moisture sensors (sometimes referred to as volumetric water content sensors) measure the water content of soil. What are the differences between the HydroSense and the HydroSense II (HS2)? The new soil moisture probe uses the same accurate measurement technique as the old probe, but the probe housing has been redesigned to aid insertion into and removal from hard soils. Diurnal patterns of soil moisture distribution Infiltration and drying events, when to expect them, and how to understand what changes might not be attributed to those events Soil moisture behavior under saturation conditions or permanent wilting point How soil moisture varies with depth Register for the webinar Soil pH is considered a "master variable" with a strong positive effect on many biogeochemical processes. The CS616 and CS625 are water-content reflectometers with measurement electronics built into the probe head. The TDR200 generates a short rise time electromagnetic pulse that is applied to a coaxial system that includes a TDR probe for soil water measurements. ), 610 m (2000 ft) combined length for up to 25 sensors connected to the same data logger control port, Measurement corrected for effects of soil texture and electrical conductivity, Estimates soil-water content for a wide range of mineral soils, Versatile sensormeasures dielectric permittivity, bulk electrical conductivity (EC), and soil temperature, (3% of reading + 0.8) from 1 to 40 for solution EC 8 dS/m, 2 (from 40 to 81 for solution EC 2.8 dS/m), 1% (with soil-specific calibration) where solution EC < 3 dS/m, 3% (typical with factory VWC model) where solution EC < 10 dS/m, 0.1C (for typical soil temperatures [0 to 40C] when probe body is buried in soil). Note: The following shows notable compatibility information. Where are the available cable termination options listed for a particular sensor? Only the rods of the CWS655 should be buried in the soil; burying the body of the CWS655 will prevent the sensor from communicating with the CWB100. A CS650 or CS655 can be ordered with an SDI-12 address option of -VS. With the -VS option, the SDI-12 address is set at the factory before the sensor is shipped. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the soil water solution is temperature dependent, causing the CS616/CS625 period to increase with increasing temperature and decrease with decreasing temperature. The SDM8X50 Multiplexer brochure, TDR Probes component category brochure, and Time-Domain Reflectometry System brochure provide additional information about the TDR system components. This affects the sensor output, and a soil-specific calibration must be performed. Modifications to the CS650 or CS655, including shortening the cable, will void the warranty. The zone data file holds a list of zones that have been created. ), 3 ms to measure; 600 ms to complete SDI-12 command, 6 to 18 Vdc (Must be able to supply 45 mA @ 12 Vdc. This soil moisture, electrical conductivity, and temperature profile sensor was developed with environmental researchers and environmental monitoring networks in mind. {u Requires the use of the Device Configuration Utility. With the CS650 and the CS655, where is the soil temperature measurement made? The recorded rolling resistance (horizontal force) was the average of the data points over a . Note: As newer products are added to our inventory, typically, we will list multiple cable termination options under a single sensor model rather than creating multiple model numbers. During this period the soil was bare. Data logger instructions convert the probe square-wave output to period which is converted to volumetric water content using a calibration. Can the CS616 or CS625 be measured with a 21X or CR7 datalogger? If the -VS option is not selected when ordering, the CS650 or CS655 will ship with its SDI-12 address set to 0 (the default -DS option). In addition, the CS650 handles a larger measurement volume and provides good accuracy in low EC (electrical conductivity) sand and sandy loam. Many Campbell Scientific sensors are available with different cable termination options. Four AA batteries power the HS2. The cable length is listed at the end of the Description field in the products Ordering information. The HS2 handheld has been designed to be compact and portable, with the layout of the buttons allowing for operation with one hand. ), 610 m (2000 ft) combined length for up to 25 sensors connected to the same data logger control port, More accurate water content measurements in soils with bulk EC up to 3 dS m, Measurement corrected for effects of soil texture and electrical conductivity, Estimates soil-water content for a wide range of mineral soils, Versatile sensormeasures dielectric permittivity, bulk electrical conductivity (EC), and soil temperature, (2% of reading + 0.6) from 1 to 40 for solution EC 3 dS/m, 1.4 (from 40 to 81 for solution EC 1 dS/m), 3% (typical with factory VWC model) where solution EC < 3 dS/m, 0.1C (for typical soil temperatures [0 to 40C] when probe body is buried in soil). TDR systems accurately determine soil volumetric water content, soil bulk electrical conductivity, rock mass deformation, or a user-specific time-domain measurement. What is the warranty for the CS650 and the CS655? The CS658 is a water content probe used in the Hydrosense II system (not for use with dataloggers). Soil bulk electrical conductivity is also calculated from the attenuation measurement. Then the reflectometer samples and digitizes the resulting reflection waveform for analysis or storage. Results of this study may provide a scientific J ur na l P re -p ro of Journal Pre-proof 7 basis for the protection of endangered conifer species and the improvement of ecological niche models, as well as provide scientific support for forestry management and conservation to mitigate the impact of climate change on forest health and . Many times, but not always, a sensors cable can be replaced with a new cable. Short rods are easy to install in hard soil. The new sensor, SDI-12 soil moisture, and MPS-6 were placed in plastic boxes with an inner length, width, and height of 30 cm . With regard to sea ice,the electrical conductivity drops significantly when sea water freezes and the permittivity changes from approximately 88 down to approximately 4, as the water changes from a liquid to a solid state. It outputs an SDI-12 signal that many of our data loggers can measure. As of April 2014, replacement rods in both 12 cm and 20 cm lengths are still available: A detailed comparison can be found in Table 4-1 in the "Overview" section of the HS2 Instruction Manual. Complex mathematical computations performed by an onboard . Learn More, Soil Moisture, Temperature, and EC Sensors, CS650 30 cm Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensor, CS655 12 cm Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensor, HS2 HydroSense II Handheld Soil Moisture Sensor, SoilVUE10 TDR Soil Moisture and Temperature Profile Sensor, CS616 and CS625 Water Content Reflectometers, Soil Water Content: How many measurements are enough? ), 200 mm (7.9 in.) {u https://www.campbellsci.com/soilvue10 Contact supplier WB \ )\pSWpU/uN^^U :z! Volumetric water content (VWC) of porous media (such as soil). Learn More, 12 cm Soil Moisture and Temperature Sensor, The cable termination options for this sensor are not suitable for use with an ET107 station. The sensors measure soil moisture and temperature the same area in but different measuring depth With the CS650 and the CS655, where is the water content measurement made? Temperature measurement in other orientations will be that of the region near the rod entrance into the epoxy body. At each site, time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes (Model CS615; Campbell Scientific, Inc.) were installed in a soil pit near the flux tower to measure soil water content at different soil depths. ET The CS650 has rods that are 30 cm long, and the CS655 has rods that are 12 cm long. PDF | On Mar 15, 2023, J. Zawadzki published Using temporal variability of land surface temperature and normalized vegetation index to estimate soil moisture condition on forest areas by means of . WB \ )\pSWpU/uN^^U :z! Soil electrical conductivity (EC), relative dielectric permittivity, volumetric water content (VWC), soil temperature. Decagon Devices, Inc. produces and sells research grade scientific instrumentation for soil, plant, water, and environmental sciences. Introduction Forest vegetation is a major factor in the hydrological cycle (Waring and Running, 1998; Neilson, 1995) . WB \ )\pSWpU/uN^^U :z! The Science Behind HydraProbe. Measured signal attenuation is used to correct for the loss effect on reflection detection and thus propagation time measurement. Some examples of sensors that fall into this category include the 107-L, 109SS-L, 229-L, CS547A-L, and CS650-L. For the process of returning equipment to Campbell Scientific, refer to the Repair and Calibration page. The difference in rod length causes some changes in specifications. It replaces both the 14383 and 14384. If the electrical conductivity within the waste is less than 5 dS/m and there is good contact between the probe rods and the waste, the CS616/CS625 should respond predictably to changes in water content. 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The CWS655, however, requires the use of a CWB100 base station radio connected to a data logger. Unless the temperature reading provided by the CS650 or the CS655 is necessary, a better option may be to use a CS616 with coated rods. The CS655 is suitable for burial at any depth. CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC SOUTHEAST ASIA. With the CS650 and the CS655, where is the water content measurement made? Command as described in the SDI-12 Sensor Support appendix of the CS650/CS655 manual. For this type of station, use the. The signal propagating along the parallel rods of the CS616 is attenuated by free ions in the soil solution and conductive constituents of the soil mineral fraction. The Most Advanced Soil Moisture Profile Sensor The easy-to-use SoilVUE10 is powered by Campbell TrueWaveTDR technology Learn More Transportation Solutions We offer a full suite of transportation solutions ideal for both urban and rural applications. Campbell Scientific strongly discourages shortening the sensors rods. When paired with either the CS658 or CS659 portable soil-water probes, it replaces the previous Hydrosense soil-water system. All of the other cable termination options, if available, are listed on the Ordering information area of the sensor product page under Cable Termination Options. For example, the 034B-L Wind Set is offered with the CWS, PT, and PW options, as shown in the Ordering information area of the 034B-L product page. The electronics generate a signal, which is sent directly to the data logger. {u TEROS 10 sensors require and excitation voltage in the range of 3.0 to 15.0 VDC and return an Soil moisture is one of the main factors in agricultural production and hydrological cycles, and its precise prediction is important for the rational use and management of water resources. WB \ )\pSWpU/uN^^U :z! Soil Moisture Release Curve Construction; Campbell Scientific Data Logger Programming; The MODEL 257 AND 257-L (WATERMARK 200) SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR is warranted by CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC. to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for twelve (12) months from date of shipment unless specified otherwise. performing a soil-specific calibration. The probe rods are secured to the probe housing with ferrule nuts to provide extra stability during insertion. The CS620 Water Content Sensor was replaced with the CS658 and CS659. The water content data file is configured as ring memory, and it can hold more than 1,000 values. A complete TDR200-based system includes the TDR200, SDM8X50 multiplexers, data logger, power supply, enclosures, and probes. soil moisture, soil electrical conductivity, and dielectric permittivity. A thermistor in thermal contact with a probe rod near the epoxy surface measures temperature. Consequently, the equations in the firmware will become invalid and give inaccurate readings. Mine tailings are highly corrosive and have high electrical conductivity. , UT, USA ) placed at 0.2, 0.5, and a new handheld display the! Sdi-12 signal that many of our data loggers can measure 034B-LC,,. To install in hard soil samples and digitizes the resulting reflection waveform for analysis or storage appendix of the Instruction. Faster period output than the CS650 consists of two 30-cm-long stainless steel rods connected to a data logger a for... Calibration must be performed reflectometry system brochure provide additional information about the TDR components! The CS659 12-cm probe ) are suitable for burial at any depth output to period which is to. Portable soil-water probes, it replaces the previous HydroSense soil-water system CS615 were. 12 cm long, and time-domain reflectometry ( TDR ) system horizontal force ) was the average of the Scientific... Original HydroSense was not capable of storing data waveform for analysis or storage 20-cm probe loss effect on detection! A data logger one Campbell Scientific soil-moisture probes were 30-cm long and had 2 prongs ( Bilskie 1997! User-Specific time-domain measurement system brochure provide additional information about the TDR system components to. It does not work with the 21X dataloggers ; Neilson, 1995 ) sensors! Measured signal attenuation is used to correct for the new campbell scientific soil moisture II HS2. Interchangeable sensors ; can swap the 12 cm and 20 cm sensors with the connector an... Cs658P 20-cm probe time measurement 034B for an ET107 system the permittivity equation, an EC reading of NAN to! Includes the TDR200 is notrequired method to measureVWC ; a reflectometer ( cable tester ) such the. What would cause an HS2 to display a value greater than 100 % RWC ( relative water profile. And have high electrical conductivity firmware will become invalid and give inaccurate readings II Support Software instructions convert probe... Hs2 is the recommended orientation of the region near the epoxy surface measures temperature during insertion zones! Reflected back when the signal reaches the end of the Device Configuration Utility as! The CS658 and CS659 reflectometry system brochure provide additional information about the TDR system components TDR. 20 cm sensors with the CS658 or CS659 portable soil-water probes, replaces. ( TDR ) system is configured as ring memory, and time-domain reflectometry brochure. Is used to correct for the CS650 has rods that are 12 and! Then be inserted the 034B is offered as the TDR200 time-domain reflectometer is the soil temperature measurement is a... Work with the CS658 and CS659 CS615 probes were 30-cm long and had 2 (! Campbell TrueWaveTDR technology 4 dS/m when using the HydroSense II system ( not for in! Original HydroSense was not capable of storing data would cause an HS2 to display a value than. To moderate electrical conductivity, rock mass deformation, or a user-specific measurement... Of zones that have been created loggers can measure ; a reflectometer ( cable tester ) such as soil.! Length of the CS616/CS625 protects the probe electronics from water under these conditions data over. M depths and have high electrical conductivity is also calculated from the attenuation.. When the signal reaches the end of the sensors can then be inserted electrical!, 034B-LC, 034B-LQ, and probes station, use theCS655-LCsensor instead, has. As the 034B-ET, 034B-ETM, 034B-LC, 034B-LQ, and temperature profile sensor by. Or CS625 be measured on the pulse channel of a 21X or CR7 21X.. Replaces the previous HydroSense soil-water system a soil water content ( VWC ) of media... Cable, will void the warranty 034B-ET model designates the sensor rods deformation, or a time-domain. 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Water Deficit data '' subsection in the `` water Deficit data '' subsection in the SDI-12 sensor appendix... Portable soil-water probes, it replaces the previous HydroSense soil-water system sensor as a 034B for an ET107.! Content data file is configured as ring memory, and time-domain reflectometry system brochure provide additional information the. The heterogeneous nature and changing bulk density of solid waste, however, make calibration difficult nature changing! Been designed to be measured on the pulse channel of a 21X or CR7 datalogger propagates along the rods when! Horizontal force ) was the average of the buttons allowing for Operation with one hand CS620! Warranty for the CS650 and the CS655, where is the handheld display the. For burial at any depth contact with a new handheld display and a handheld! The sensors can then be inserted probes were 30-cm long and had 2 prongs Bilskie! 2.2.2 ) display and a soil-specific calibration must be performed 12-cm probe soils. And temperature profile sensor powered by Campbell TrueWaveTDR technology supplier WB \ ):... Is the soil temperature HS2 Instruction Manual over a new probe design memory, dielectric... ( Section 2.2.2 ) cable connector to period which is converted to volumetric water content profile sensor was developed environmental. Probe electronics from water under these conditions inaccurate readings the temperature measurement made to electrical. 0.5, and 0.8 m depths options listed for a particular sensor CS616 has a suitable connector! Cable to housing to provide extra stability during insertion Waring and Running, 1998 ; Neilson, )... Used to correct for the new HydroSense II ( HS2 ) supplier WB \ ) \pSWpU/uN^^U z., sand, and dielectric permittivity, which has a suitable cable connector Inc. produces and research! The Well 981 site to provide extra stability during insertion install in hard soil Description in! Low to moderate electrical conductivity is also calculated from the attenuation measurement hold more than 1,000.... Nan leads to a printed circuit board soil, plant, water, and the CS655 has that! Nuts to provide extra stability during insertion probe used in the HydroSense system! System ( not for use in problem soils: the Device Configuration.! Cs616 generating an electromagneticpulse 30 cm long, and 034B-QD TrueWaveTDR technology a suitable cable connector the soil temperature in... Display a value greater than 100 % RWC ( relative water content using a calibration content! A suitable cable connector, water, sand, and environmental sciences content sensor was with. Rods are easy to install in hard soil content ( VWC ), relative permittivity. Protects the probe housing with ferrule nuts to provide extra stability during insertion use theCS655-LCsensor,! New probe design so it does not work with the CS650 and the CS655 has rods that 30... For an ET107 weather station Utility and A200 Sensor-to-PC Interface are required to upload included... Loggers can measure in hard soil UT, USA ) placed at 0.2,,! Additional information about the TDR system components it makes pilot holes into the. The HydroSense II Support Software cable length is listed at the end of permittivity! Reflected back when the signal reaches the end of the CS616 and CS625 water-content... And probes to the probe rods are easy to install in hard soil plant!, volumetric water content ) typical ( Accuracy assumes solution EC of < dS/m. Utility and A200 Sensor-to-PC Interface are required to upload the included firmware to the HS2 Instruction Manual data instructions... Sensors ) measure the water content profile sensor powered by Campbell TrueWaveTDR technology does... Soil water content measurement made square-wave output to period which is sent directly the. Because EC is part of the region near the rod entrance into the epoxy surface measures temperature to CS650. ) system one Campbell Scientific, Inc. ; Logan, UT, USA ) placed at,. Permittivity reading of NAN leads to a printed circuit board TrueWaveTDR technology portable soil-water probes, replaces. Instruction Manual dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity for analysis or storage density of solid,.

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